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Comparing Seismic Performance of Steel Structures Equipped With Viscous Dampers and Lead Rubber Bearing Base Isolation Under Near-Field Earthquake

This document compares the seismic performance of steel structures equipped with viscous dampers and lead rubber bearing (LRB) base isolation subjected to near-field earthquakes. Nonlinear time-history analyses were performed on 5, 10, and 15-story steel moment frames with and without these seismic protection systems. Results show that viscous dampers and LRBs both significantly reduced structural response demands like inter-story drift and shear forces compared to uncontrolled structures. LRBs generally provided better performance by further lowering response demands, especially under stronger ground motions. Both systems helped buildings reach higher post-earthquake damage states defined in standards.

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30 views15 pages

Comparing Seismic Performance of Steel Structures Equipped With Viscous Dampers and Lead Rubber Bearing Base Isolation Under Near-Field Earthquake

This document compares the seismic performance of steel structures equipped with viscous dampers and lead rubber bearing (LRB) base isolation subjected to near-field earthquakes. Nonlinear time-history analyses were performed on 5, 10, and 15-story steel moment frames with and without these seismic protection systems. Results show that viscous dampers and LRBs both significantly reduced structural response demands like inter-story drift and shear forces compared to uncontrolled structures. LRBs generally provided better performance by further lowering response demands, especially under stronger ground motions. Both systems helped buildings reach higher post-earthquake damage states defined in standards.

Uploaded by

Meliodas Dono
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPARING SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF

STEEL STRUCTURES
EQUIPPED WITH VISCOUS DAMPERS AND
LEAD RUBBER BEARING BASE ISOLATION
UNDER NEAR-FIELD EARTHQUAKE
MOHAMMAD GANJI
HOSSEIN KAZEM
2017

GROUP 3:
BALMACEDA, JOAQUIN MIGUEL
LIBUDAN, LOIDA
PANGHILINAN, ABEL FRANCIS
TORRES, JHON EARLAN
INTRODUCTION
CONSIDERING THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVEMENT AND
RETROFIT OF BUILDINGS AGAINST EARTHQUAKE AND THE
ATTEMPTS MADE TO REALIZE THESE GOALS, VARIOUS
METHODS HAVE BEEN INVENTED AND PROPOSED BY
STRUCTURAL AND SEISMOLOGY EXPERTS TO REDUCE SEISMIC
RESPONSE OF STRUCTURES. AMONG THESE METHODS,
SEISMIC ISOLATORS AND VISCOUS DAMPERS REPRESENT TWO
OF THE MOST EFFICIENT ALTERNATIVES.
VISCOUS DAMPER
• IN THIS TYPE OF DAMPERS, MOVEMENT OF A VISCOUS
FLUID WITHIN A CYLINDER RESULTS IN THE DISSIPATION
OF ENERGY. DUE TO SOME ADVANTAGES AS EASY
INSTALLATION, ADAPTABILITY AND COORDINATION WITH
OTHER STRUCTURAL MEMBERS, AND ALSO VARIETY OF
THEIR DIMENSIONS AND SIZES ARE WIDELY APPLIED IN
THE DESIGN AND RETROFIT APPLICATIONS. LIQUID
DAMPERS ARE DEVELOPED BASED ON THE PASSAGE OF A
LIQUID THROUGH ORIFICES. VISCOUS FLUID DAMPERS
ARE DEVELOPED WITH A CRANKSHAFT-PISTON
MECHANISM FOR INDUSTRIAL AND MILITARY APPLICATION.
• IN THE CHAMBER WITHIN THE CYLINDER,
INCOMPRESSIBLE SILICONE STARTS TO FLOW AS A FORCE
IS APPLIED TO THE PISTON. THE PISTON HAS ITS HEAD
PROVIDED WITH SEVERAL ORIFICES WITH PASSIVE
METALLIC THERMOREGULATORS TO NEUTRALIZE
THERMAL CHANGES, WITH SOME HIGHLY RESISTANT CAPS
USED TO KEEP THE CONTENTS IN PLACE.
LEAD RUBBER BEARING (LRB) SEISMIC IS
OLATOR
• SEISMIC ISOLATOR REDUCE APPLIED EARTHQUAKE
FORCE TO A STRUCTURE BY INCREASING THE
CORRESPONDING PERIOD TO FIRST MODE
(SEPARATED MODE), DECREASING SPECTRAL
ACCELERATION (PSEUDO ACCELERATION)
RESULTED FROM LENGTHENED PERIOD,
PREVENTING FROM ACTIVATION OF HIGHER MODES
BY GROUND MOTION, INCREASING THE DAMPING
EFFECT OF THE ISOLATOR SYSTEM, AND THEIR
ENERGY DISSIPATION CHARACTERISTICS WHICH IS
RECOGNIZED AS A SECONDARY FACTOR.
NEAR-FIELD EARTHQUAKE
• EARTHQUAKE IS INDEED THE PHENOMENON OF
WAVE GENERATION AND PROPAGATION DUE TO
THE RELEASE OF A LARGE DEAL OF ENERGY AS A
RESULT OF TURBULENCES AND FRACTURES
THROUGH EARTH’S CRUST OR UPPER PARTS OF
MANTLE, WHICH OCCURS WITHIN A SHORT TIME.
WITHIN SHORT DISTANCES TO THE EARTHQUAKE
EPICENTER, STRUCTURES WITH SHORT PERIODS
TEND TO BE EXTENSIVELY AFFECTED BY THE
EARTHQUAKE WAVES, WHILE IN CASES WHERE
THE FAULT LOCATION IS FAR FROM THE SETTING,
STRUCTURES OF RELATIVELY LONG PERIODS
TEND TO BE CONSIDERABLY AFFECTED.
MOREOVER, THE RESPONSE SPECTRUM ON
SOFT SOIL IN LONGER PERIODS EXCEEDS THAT
ON HARD SOILS.
RECORDS OF NEAR-FIELD EARTHQUAKE

The earthquake record selection was


based on Iranian standard 2800 and
recommendations proposed in FEMA
P695 Code and the scaling was
performed according to the
instructions detailed in Iranian
standard 2800 (4th edition)
SOFTWARE MODELING
• IN ORDER TO EXTRACT SECTIONS OF THE STRUCTURES UNDER STUDY,
MODELING WITH LINEAR MATERIALS AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF LINEAR
RESPONSE SPECTRUM IN ETABS 2016 V16.0.0 SOFTWARE WERE USED,
FOLLOWED BY UTILIZING PERFORM 3D V5 SOFTWARE TO NON-LINEARLY
ANALYZE THE STRUCTURES.
• DESIGN OF STRUCTURES FOR EARTHQUAKE FORCE WAS BASED ON
IRANIAN STANDARD 2800 (4TH EDITION). THE STRUCTURES UNDER
STUDY WERE MOMENT-RESISTING FRAMES OF MEDIUM STEEL WITH 5,
10 AND 15 STORIES AND 5 SPANS OF 5 M SPACING IN BOTH DIRECTIONS.
• IN ORDER TO NON-LINEARLY MODEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS VIA NON-
LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS METHOD, THE STRUCTURE WAS MODELED
BASED UPON FORCE-COMPONENT DEFORMATION RELATIONSHIP
EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF SOME NON-LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS. IN THIS
METHOD, THE STRUCTURAL RESPONSE IS CALCULATED BY
CONSIDERING NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS AND NONLINEAR
BEHAVIOR OF THE STRUCTURAL GEOMETRY. IN THIS APPROACH, SINCE
STIFFNESS MATRIX AND DAMPING RATIO CAN CHANGES OVER TIME,
NUMERICAL METHODS ARE USED TO CALCULATE THE MODEL
RESPONSE UNDER EARTHQUAKE ACCELERATION DIFFERENT TIME
STEPS. THE RELATIONSHIPS IN PUBLICATION 360 CAN BE USED TO
MODEL STEEL MEMBERS.
MODEL VERIFICATION
• IN ORDER TO VERIFY THE SOFTWARE WHEN IT COMES TO MODELING OF
VISCOUS FLUID DAMPERS, THE RESEARCH BY LYAN-YWAN LU ET AL. (2013)
WAS USED, EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SUPPLEMENTAL VISCOUS
DAMPING FOR A SLIDING ISOLATION SYSTEM UNDER PULSE-LIKE BASE
EXCITATIONS.
• IN ORDER TO VERIFY PERFORM 3D SOFTWARE IN THE ANALYSIS OF LRB
ISOLATOR, THE PAPER BY RABINSON (1982) WAS REFERRED TO. HE
INVESTIGATED LEAD-RUBBER HYSTERETIC BEARINGS SUITABLE FOR
PROTECTING STRUCTURES DURING EARTHQUAKES, EMPIRICALLY
ANALYZING ISOLATORS OF DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS AND GEOMETRIES
UNDER DIFFERENT LOADING REGIMES, WITH THE RESULTS EVALUATED.
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
BUILDING PERFORMANCE LEVELS
• OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE (OP)
- THE OVERALL DAMAGE IS VERY LIGHT
• IMMEDIATE OCCUPANCY PERFORMANCE
(IO) - THE STRUCTURE EXPERIENCE LIGHT
DAMAGES
• LIFE SAFETY PERFORMANCE (LS)
- EXPERIENCES MODERATE OVERALL
DAMAGE
• COLLAPSE PREVENTION PERFORMANCE
(CP)
- THE BUILDING DAMAGE IS SEVERE
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVEL
• EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVEL 1: AN EARTHQUAKE OF 10% PROBABILITY
OF OCCURRENCE WITHIN THE 50-YEAR USEFUL LIFE OF BUILDING AT A
RETURN PERIOD OF 475 YEARS – DESIGN BASIS EARTHQUAKE (DBE)
• EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVEL 2: AN EARTHQUAKE OF 2% PROBABILITY
OF OCCURRENCE WITHIN THE 50-YEAR USEFUL LIFE OF BUILDING AT A
RETURN PERIOD OF 2475 YEARS – MAXIMUM CONSIDERED
EARTHQUAKE (MCE).

1
LATERAL DISPLACEMENT OF STRUCTURE
• LATERAL DISPLACEMENT AND LATERAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE
STRUCTURE’S FLOORS REPRESENT AN IMPORTANT PARAMETER WHEN IT
COMES TO THE DETERMINATION OF SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURES.
RELATIVE LATERAL DISPLACEMENT OF STRUCTURE’S FLOORS INDICATES
DEFORMATIONS IN THE MAIN STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS, E.G. GIRDERS,
PILLARS, CONNECTIONS, AND LATERAL BEARING SYSTEMS OF THE
STRUCTURE.

2
DISTRIBUTION OF SHEAR FORCE
• PRESENT PLOTS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF SHEAR FORCE ALONG THE HEIGHT
OF 5, 10, AND 15-STORY STRUCTURES WITHOUT ANY ENERGY DISSIPATION
SYSTEM AS WELL AS WHEN THOSE ARE EQUIPPED WITH EITHER A VISCOUS
DAMPER OR LRB ISOLATOR. AS CAN BE OBSERVED, THE APPLIED FORCE TO
THE BUILDINGS WITH THEIR STRUCTURES EQUIPPED WITH VISCOUS
DAMPER OR LRB ISOLATOR INCREASE AND DECREASE, RESPECTIVELY,
COMPARED TO THE BUILDING WITH NO ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEM.

3
ENERGY BALANCE

• ENERGY BALANCE REFERS TO THE EQUALITY OF THE INPUT ENERGY INTO


AND ABSORBED ENERGY FROM A STRUCTURE.

IN ORDER TO MODEL ELASTIC DAMPING CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEMS,


RAYLEIGH DAMPING MODEL WAS USED ASSUMING A DAMPING OF 5%.
[𝐶] = Α[𝑀] + 𝛽[𝐾]
WHERE [C] IS THE DAMPING MATRIX,
Α[M] IS THE DAMPING RESULTED BY THE STRUCTURE MASS, AND
Β[K] REFERS TO THE DAMPING EFFECT DUE TO THE STRUCTURE’S
STIFFNESS.

4 5
CONCLUSION

• WHEN SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVEL 1, VISCOUS DAMPERS IN 5, 10, AND 15-
STORY BUILDINGS SUCCEEDED TO REDUCE THE RATIO OF ROTATION-TO-MAXIMUM ELASTIC
ROTATION OF SECTION WITH RESPECT TO THE BUILDING WITH NO ENERGY DISSIPATION
SYSTEMS BY 41, 40, AND 18%, RESPECTIVELY; THE CORRESPONDING FIGURES TO EARTHQUAKE
HAZARD LEVEL 2 WERE FOUND TO BE 39, 35, AND 20%, RESPECTIVELY. SUCH A REDUCTION AT
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVEL 1 RESULTED IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
OF THE STRUCTURES FROM LIFE SAFETY TO UNINTERRUPTED USABILITY; HOWEVER, THE
REDUCTION UNDER EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVEL 2 WAS NOT SIGNIFICANT ENOUGH TO BRING
ABOUT ENHANCEMENT IN SEISMIC PERFORMANCE LEVEL. THE CORRESPONDING FIGURES TO
THE STRUCTURES EQUIPPED WITH SEISMIC ISOLATORS WERE 75, 69, AND 77%, RESPECTIVELY,
AT EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVEL 1, AND 80, 75, AND 69%, RESPECTIVELY, UNDER AT
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVEL 2. SUCH A REDUCTION AT EARTHQUAKE HAZARD RESULTED IN
THE ENHANCEMENT OF SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE STRUCTURES FROM LIFE SAFETY TO
UNINTERRUPTED USABILITY AT BOTH EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVELS.
• ON AVERAGE AND AT BOTH EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVELS, VISCOUS DAMPER-EQUIPPED
STRUCTURES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ABOUT 29% ENHANCEMENT IN RELATIVE LATERAL
DISPLACEMENT AT FLOORS, WHEN COMPARED TO THE STRUCTURES WITH NO ENERGY
DISSIPATION SYSTEM. THE CORRESPONDING FIGURE TO THE STRUCTURES EQUIPPED
WITH LBR ABSORBER WAS FOUND TO BE ABOUT 68%.
• AT ALL FLOORS AND ON AVERAGE OVER ALL STRUCTURES UNDER BOTH EARTHQUAKE
HAZARD LEVELS, SHEAR FORCE EXHIBITED 19% AND 52% REDUCTIONS IN THE
STRUCTURES EQUIPPED WITH VISCOUS DAMPER AND LRB ISOLATORS, RESPECTIVELY.

INPUT ENERGY TO 5, 10, AD 15-STORY BUILDINGS WITH VISCOUS DAMPERS UNDER


EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVELS 1 AND 2 WAS, ON AVERAGE, INCREASED BY ABOUT 10%
COMPARED TO THE STRUCTURES WITH NO ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEM. AT EARTHQUAKE
HAZARD LEVEL 1, 68, 63, AND 58%, AND AT EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVEL 1, 62, 57, AND 50%
OF INPUT ENERGY WAS ABSORBED BY THE DAMPERS INSTALLED INTO 5, 10, AND 15-STORY
STRUCTURES, RESPECTIVELY. INPUT ENERGY TO 5, 10, AD 15-STORY BUILDINGS WITH LRB
ISOLATORS UNDER EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVELS 1 AND 2 WAS, ON AVERAGE, REDUCED BY
ABOUT 30% COMPARED TO THE STRUCTURES WITH NO ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEM. AT
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVEL 1, 68, 58, AND 48%, AND AT EARTHQUAKE HAZARD LEVEL 1, 70,
62, AND 56% OF INPUT ENERGY WAS ABSORBED BY THE ISOLATORS INSTALLED INTO 5, 10,
AND 15-STORY STRUCTURES, RESPECTIVELY

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