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Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton was born in 1643 in England and is best known for his theory of gravity and discoveries in calculus, light, and mechanics. While on break from university, he began developing these theories. Some of his most influential works include his book Principia Mathematica and Opticks. The story of an apple hitting Newton's head may have inspired his realization that the force of gravity extends throughout the universe. Newton's laws of motion provided simple rules that could be applied anywhere and helped solve problems using calculus. His work completed the fusion of mathematics and experimentation into the scientific method and radically changed views of the universe.

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193 views18 pages

Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton was born in 1643 in England and is best known for his theory of gravity and discoveries in calculus, light, and mechanics. While on break from university, he began developing these theories. Some of his most influential works include his book Principia Mathematica and Opticks. The story of an apple hitting Newton's head may have inspired his realization that the force of gravity extends throughout the universe. Newton's laws of motion provided simple rules that could be applied anywhere and helped solve problems using calculus. His work completed the fusion of mathematics and experimentation into the scientific method and radically changed views of the universe.

Uploaded by

Miks Enriquez
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ISAAC NEWTON

• Born on 1643 in Woolsthorpe, England


• Best known for his theory about law or
gravity
• Began developing his theories on light,
calculus and celestial mechanics while on
break from Cambridge University.
• Some of his contributions are his book
Principia Mathematica and Opticks.
The story of Newton being hit on the head by an apple may very
well be true. However, the significance of this popular tale is usually
lost. People had seen apples fall out of trees for thousands of years,
but Newton realized in a
way no one else had realized,
that the same force pulling the
apples to earth was keeping the
moon in its orbit.
Newton’s Discoveries

Newtonian’s Telescope
Principia
Mathematica
• The implications of Newton’s Theory of Gravity can easily
escape us, since we now take it for granted that physical
laws apply the same throughout the universe.
• To the mentality of the 1600’s, which saw a clear
distinction between the laws governing the terrestrial and
celestial elements, it was a staggering revelation .
• His three laws of motion were simple, could be applied
everywhere, and could be used with calculus to solve any
problems of motion that came up.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law of Inertia

“A body at rest remains at rest, or, if in motion, remains in motion at a


constant velocity unless acted on by a net external force.”
LAW OF ACCELERATION
“The acceleration of a system is directly proportional to and in the same
direction as the net external force acting on the system, and inversely
proportional to its mass. In equation form, Newton’s second law of motion is
a = fnet/m”
LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION

“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”


• The universe that emerged was radically
different from that of Aristotle.
• Newton’s work also completed the
fusion of math promoted by Renaissance
humanist.
• Aristotelian logic pushed by medieval
university professors, and experiment to
test a hypothesis pioneered bny such
men as Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo
into what we call the scientific method.
• This fusion had gradually been taking
place since the Renaissance but the
invention of calculus made math a much
more dynamic tool in predicting and
manipulating the laws of nature.
DARWINIAN
REVOLUTION
CHARLES DARWIN
• Charles Robert Darwin was a British naturalist
and biologist known for his theory of evolution
and his understanding of the process of natural
selection.
• In 1831, he embarked on a five-year voyage
around the world on the HMS Beagle, during
which time his studies of various plants and an
led him to formulate his theories.
• In 1859, he published his landmark book, On
the Origin of Species. 
• The publication in 1859 of The Origin of
species by Charles Darwin ushered in a new
era in the intellectual history of humanity.
• Darwin is deservedly given credit for the
theory of biological evolution: he
accumulated evidence demonstrating the
organisms evolve and discovered the
process, natural selection, by which they
evolve.
• But the importance of Darwin’s
achievement is that it completed the
Copernican revolution initiated three
centuries earlier, and thereby radically
changed our conception of the universe and
the place of humanity in it.
• The discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and
Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, had
gradually ushered in the notion that the workings of the
universe could be explained by human reason.

• Their discoveries greatly expanded human knowledge,


but the intellectual revolution these scientists brought
about was more fundamental.
• Darwin completed the Copernican revolution by drawing out
for biology the notion of nature as a lawful system of matter in
motion.

• The adaptations and diversity of organisms, the origin of novel


and highly organized forms, even the origin of humanity itself
could now be explained by an orderly process of change
governed by natural laws.
WILLIAM PALEY
• The English theologian in his Natural
Theology elaborated the argument-
from-design as forceful demonstration of
the existence of the Creator.

• The functional design of the human eye,


argued Paley, provided conclusive
evidence of an all-wise Creator.

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