CSE 222 : Object

Oriented Programming
Lecture 2: Some C++
Fundamentals
Topics to be Covered
 A Sample C++ Program
 Namespaces
 A Closer Look at the I/O Operators
 Declaring Local Variables
 No Default to int
 The bool Data Type
 Old-Style vs. Modern C++
 The New C++ Headers
 C++ Console I/O (Input)
 C++ Console I/O (Output)
Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 2
A Sample C++ Program
Modern Style of C++ I/O Operation Header
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Specify standard library of global namespace std
int main()
{
cout << output operator
int i;

cout << "This is output.\n"; // this is a single line comment

/* you can still use C style comments */

// input a number using >>

cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> i;
cin >> input operator

// now, output a number using <<

cout << i << " squared is " << i*i << "\n";

return 0;
}

Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 3

Namespaces
 A namespace is a declarative region.
 It localizes the names of identifiers to
avoid name collisions.
 The contents of new-style headers are
placed in the std namespace.
 A newly created class, function or global
variable can put in an existing namespace,
a new namespace, or it may not be
associated with any namespace
 In the last case the element will be placed in the
global unnamed namespace.

Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 4

A Closer Look at the I/O Operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float f;
char str[80];
double d;

cout << "Enter two floating point numbers: ";

cin >> f >> d;

cout << "Enter a string: ";

cin >> str; the >> operator stops reading input when the
first white-space character is encountered.

cout << f << "\t" << d << "\n" << str;

return 0;
} C++ I/O operators recognize the
entire set of backslash character

Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 5

 Declaring Local Variables
Invalid in C Valid in C++
/* Incorrect in C89. #include <iostream>
But OK in C++. */ using namespace std;
int main()
int f() {
{ float f;
int i; double d;
i = 10; cout <<"Enter two floating point numbers:" ;
cin >> f >> d;
int j; cout << "Enter a string: ";
/*won't compile as C program */
j = i*2; char str[80];
// str declared just before 1st use
return j; cin >> str;
}
cout << f << " " << d << " " << str;
return 0;
}
Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 6
No Default to int
C C++
func( int i) int func( int i)
{ {
return i*i; return i*i;
} }

common practice to not specify int In Standard C++, this function must
explicitly when a function returned have the return type of int Specified.
an integer result.

Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 7

The bool Data Type
 C++ defines a built-in Boolean type
called bool.
 Objects of type bool can store only the values
true or false.
 values true or false are keywords defined by
C++.
 Automatic Conversion of bool values:
 values true or false, which are keywords defined by
C++.
 true is converted to 1 and false is converted to zero.

Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 8

Old-Style vs. Modern C++
A traditional-style C+ A modern-style C+
+ program + program
#include <iostream.h> #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ int main()
/* program code */ {
return 0; /* program code */
} return 0;
}

Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 9

The New C++ Headers
 The new-style headers do not specify filenames.
 They simply specify standard identifiers that
might be mapped to files by the compiler, but
they need not be.
 <iostream>
 <vector>
 <string>, not related with <string.h>
 <cmath>, C++ version of <math.h>
 <cstring>, C++ version of <string.h>
 Programmer defined header files should end in
“.h”.

Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 10

C++ Console I/O ( cout , cin)

Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 11

C++ Console I/O (Output)
 cout << “Hello World!”;
 printf(“Hello World!”);
 cout << iCount; /* int iCount */
 printf(“%d”, iCount);
 cout << 100.99;
 printf(“%f”, 100.99);
 cout << “\n”,
 cout << ‘\n’
 cout << endl
 printf(“\n”)
 In general, cout << expression;

Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 12

C++ Console I/O (Input)
 cin >> strName; /*char strName[16]*/
 scanf(“%s”, strName);
 cin >> iCount; /* int iCount */
 scanf(“%d”, &iCount);
 cin >> fValue; /* float fValue */
 scanf(“%f”, &fValue);
 In general, cin >> variable;

Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 13

C++ Console I/O (IO Chaining)
 cout << “Hello” << ‘ ‘ << “World” << ‘!’;

 cout << “Value of iCount is: ” << iCount;

 cout << “Enter day, month, year: ”;

 cin >> day >> month >> year;

 cin >> day;

 cin >> month;

 cin >> year

Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 14

C++ Console I/O (Example)
include <iostream> include <iostream>
int main() using namespace std;
{ int main()
char str[16]; {
std::cout << “Enter a char str[16];
string: ”; cout << “Enter a
std::cin >> str; string: ”;
std::cout << “You cin >> str;
entered: ” cout << “You entered:
<< str; ” << str;
} }

Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 15

Readings
 Chapter 11 : An Overview of C++,
 The Complete Reference : C++, By- Herbert
Schildt, 4th Edition, pp:260-270
 Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics
 Robert Lafore, “Object-Oriented Programming
in C++”, Fourth Edition, Sams Publishing ,
pp:30-68

Mohammad Nazmul Haque Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, DIU 16