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Photographic Characteristics of X-Ray Film

Photographic film has characteristics that determine its performance for x-rays. Film density is measured by the log of the ratio of light incident versus transmitted through the film. The characteristic curve plots the relationship between exposure and density, showing the film's contrast, speed, and latitude. Film contrast depends on the characteristic curve shape, density, screen or direct exposure, and processing. Higher contrast films exaggerate subject contrast while lower contrast films decrease it.

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Sarvesh Zambaulikar
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2K views18 pages

Photographic Characteristics of X-Ray Film

Photographic film has characteristics that determine its performance for x-rays. Film density is measured by the log of the ratio of light incident versus transmitted through the film. The characteristic curve plots the relationship between exposure and density, showing the film's contrast, speed, and latitude. Film contrast depends on the characteristic curve shape, density, screen or direct exposure, and processing. Higher contrast films exaggerate subject contrast while lower contrast films decrease it.

Uploaded by

Sarvesh Zambaulikar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Photographic Characteristics

of X-Ray Film
References :-
1) Christensen’s Physics Of Diagnostic Radiology
2) Stewart Carlyle Bushong’s Radiologic Science for Technologists(10th
edition)
Photographic Density
• The measurement of film blackeness

• Photographic density is defined by ,


D = log I0/It
where D= Density
I0= Light incident on a film
It=Light transmitted by the film
• Opacity is the ability of the film to stop light
• Transmittance is the fraction of light transmitted by the film
• Base density on an average is around 0.12

Base density Film fog

Base density includes light absorbed by the plastic used in the film and
also blue dye used to color some films.

Some silver halide crystals develop without exposure leading to film fog
Characteristic Curve
• The relationship between exposure and density plotted as a curve
• An increase in the log relative exposure of 0.3 always represents a doubling of the relative exposure

• Analysis of the characteristic curve of a particular x-ray film provides information about
-Contrast
-Speed
-Latitude of the film
Film Contrast
• Radiographic contrast depends on subject contrast and on film
contrast.

• Film contrast depends on four factors :-


1)Characteristic curve of the film
2)Film Density
3)Screen or direct x-ray exposure
4)Film Processing
Shape of Characteristic Curve
• Change in film density that occurs as film exposure changes

• Gamma = D2 - D1
logE2 –logE1
• While calculating average gradient
D2 =2.0 and D1=0.25

• If average gradient is >1 then the


film with exaggerate subject contrast

• If average gradient <1 then the film


will decrease subject contrast
Film Density
• The slope of the characteristic curve ( film contrast ) changes with
density especially in the toe and shoulder regions.
Screen or Direct X-Ray Exposure
• Films are more sensitive to low energy photons compared to higher
energy photons.

• Intensifying screens are more sensitive to higher energy photons


compared to low energy photons

• Average gradient of a double emulsion x-ray film will be greatest


when the film is exposed with intensifying screens
Film Processing
• Increasing the time or temperature of film development will :-
1)Increase average gradient(increase film contrast)
2)Increase film speed(increase density for given exposure)
3)Increase fog(decrease film contrast)
Speed of a Film Screen
• Reciprocal of the exposure in roentgens required to produce a density
of 1.0 above base plus fog density.

• Determines the location of the curve on the log exposure scale


Latitude
• Range of exposure of log relative exposure (mAs) that will produce
density within the accepted range for diagnostic radiology.

• Latitude of the film varies inversely with film contrast


Double Emulsion Film
• Prevents curling of film toward the emulsion side

• Photographic advantage only important when film exposed with


intensifying screens.

• Single emulsion contrast = D2 - D1


• Double emulsion contrast= 2( D2 -D1)
• Increase in film speed achieved by this process
Emulsion Absorption
• Standard silver halide films absorb light in the UV, violet and blue
regions of the visible spectrum.

• Ortho film – Green sensitive film


• Pan film --Sensitive to light of all colours
Darkroom Safelight
Crossover Exposure
• Called “Print-through” exposure occurs when a double emulsion x-ray
film is exposed in a cassette with two intensifying screens.

Exposure of a film emulsion to light emitted


by the screen opposite the emulsion

• Contributes to the unsharpness in film screen system


Methods to reduce print through exposure :-

1)Matching screen light emission to silver halide natural sensitivity.

2)Changing the shape of the silver halide grains.

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