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Micro-Programmed Control

This document discusses micro-programmed control and microprogramming. It describes how complex operations can be controlled through sequences of microinstructions stored in control memory. Each microinstruction specifies one or a few micro-operations and the next microinstruction address. Microinstructions can be implemented vertically, specifying a single micro-operation, or horizontally, specifying many parallel micro-operations. The size of microinstructions and control memory depends on factors like the number of supported micro-operations and how control information and addresses are encoded. Microprogramming simplifies CPU design but can reduce speed.

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Manoj Rajahulli
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120 views18 pages

Micro-Programmed Control

This document discusses micro-programmed control and microprogramming. It describes how complex operations can be controlled through sequences of microinstructions stored in control memory. Each microinstruction specifies one or a few micro-operations and the next microinstruction address. Microinstructions can be implemented vertically, specifying a single micro-operation, or horizontally, specifying many parallel micro-operations. The size of microinstructions and control memory depends on factors like the number of supported micro-operations and how control information and addresses are encoded. Microprogramming simplifies CPU design but can reduce speed.

Uploaded by

Manoj Rajahulli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

MICRO-PROGRAMMED

CONTROL
• Basic Concepts
• Micro instruction Sequencing
• Microinstruction Execution
• Applications of Microprogramming

POOJA G S
3RD SEM
1BI19ET049
MICRO-PROGRAMMED
CONTROL
• Use sequences of instructions to control complex operations
• Called micro-programming or firmware
IMPLEMENTATION (1)

• All the control unit does is generate a set of control signals


• Each control signal is on or off
• Represent each control signal by a bit
• Have a control word for each micro-operation
• Have a sequence of control words for each machine code
instruction
• Add an address to specify the next micro-instruction,
depending on conditions
IMPLEMENTATION (2)
• Today’s large microprocessor
• Many instructions and associated register-level hardware
• Many control points to be manipulated
• This results in control memory that
• Contains a large number of words
• co-responding to the number of instructions to be executed
• Has a wide word width
• Due to the large number of control points to be manipulated
MICRO-PROGRAM WORD
LENGTH
• Based on 3 factors
• Maximum number of simultaneous micro-operations supported
• The way control information is represented or encoded
• The way in which the next micro-instruction address is specified
MICRO-INSTRUCTION TYPES

• Each micro-instruction specifies single (or few) micro-


operations to be performed
• (vertical micro-programming)

• Each micro-instruction specifies many different micro-


operations to be performed in parallel
• (horizontal micro-programming)
VERTICAL MICRO-
PROGRAMMING
• Width is narrow

• n control signals encoded into log2 n bits

• Limited ability to express parallelism


• Considerable encoding of control information requires
external memory word decoder to identify the exact control
line being manipulated
HORIZONTAL MICRO-
PROGRAMMING
• Wide memory word
• High degree of parallel operations possible
• Little encoding of control information
COMPROMISE

• Divide control signals into disjoint groups


• Implement each group as separate field in memory word
• Supports reasonable levels of parallelism without too much
complexity
CONTROL MEMORY

.
Fetch cycle routine
Jump to Indirect or Execute
.
Jump to Execute Indirect Cycle routine

. Interrupt cycle routine


Jump to Fetch
Jump to Op code routine Execute cycle begin
.
AND routine
Jump to Fetch or Interrupt
.
ADD routine
Jump to Fetch or Interrupt
CONTROL UNIT
CONTROL UNIT FUNCTION

• Sequence login unit issues read command


• Word specified in control address register is read into
control buffer register
• Control buffer register contents generates control signals
and next address information
• Sequence login loads new address into control buffer
register based on next address information from control
buffer register and ALU flags
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
• Simplifies design of control unit
• Cheaper
• Less error-prone

• Slower
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

• Size of microinstructions
• Address generation time
• Determined by instruction register
• Once per cycle, after instruction is fetched
• Next sequential address
• Common in most designed
• Branches
• Both conditional and unconditional
SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES

• Based on current microinstruction, condition flags, contents


of IR, control memory address must be generated
• Based on format of address information
• Two address fields
• Single address field
SINGLE ADDRESS FIELD
TWO ADDRESS FIELDS
THANK YOU

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