ME 231

Thermodynamics-I

Chapter 6
Summer 2017
Review of 1st law of Thermodynamics

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Spontaneous Process

• Spontaneously means without any external influence, such as a

source of heat or work.

• These processes just happen all by themselves.

• In simple processes, it is easy to tell direction of heat flow and

fall of weight.

• But in more complicated processes, it is not always easy to tell

how the state of a system will change spontaneously.

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Reversing the Spontaneous Process
Do the reverse process will happen spontaneously?

No! The initial states can be restored but not spontaneously.

Suppose if the reverse process occurs by any means.

Does it violate 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

No!  Yet the reverse processes don’t occur spontaneously.

Another law is needed to help us understand and

predict which processes will occur spontaneously.
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Thermal Reservoirs
Reservoirs are regions outside the system that
are so large that their intensive properties
remain constant.

Thermal Reservoirs are bodies that can

exchange an infinite amount of heat with
the system. The temperature of a thermal
reservoir never changes.

The system transfers heat to a thermal reservoir

called a heat sink.

A heat source is a thermal reservoir that

transfers heat to the system.

Examples: Earth's atmosphere, large bodies of

water, vapor condensing at a constant pressure. 5
Types of Thermodynamic Cycles

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Power Cycle (Heat Engine)

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Power Cycle (Inside the System)

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Refrigeration Cycle

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Refrigeration Cycle (Inside the System)

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Heat Pump Cycle

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Refrigeration Cycle (Inside the System)

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Comparison of the two Cycles

Is it possible for a heat pump or refrigerator to operate without any

work input?
NO!
Although such a process obeys the 1st Law, heat does not
spontaneously flow from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir.
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Clausius statement of 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
A system operating in a thermodynamic
cycle can not transfer energy (heat) from
a cooler body to a hotter body and
produce no other effect on the universe.

It is impossible to construct a device that

operates in a cycle and produces no effect
other than the transfer of heat from a
lower-temperature body to a higher-
temperature body.

It is impossible for any system to operate in

such a way that the sole result would be an
energy transfer by heat from a cooler to a
hotter body.
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100% Efficient Heat Engine?

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Violation of the Clausius Statement

The heat pump shown above requires no work and therefore,

violates the Clausius Statement of the 2nd Law. 
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Violation of the Clausius Statement
Setup a HE that rejects the same amount of heat to the cold
reservoir as the heat pump absorbs from the cold reservoir, QC.

The heat pump shown above requires no work and therefore,

violates the Clausius Statement of the 2nd Law. 
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100% Efficient Heat Engine?

Systems that violate the Clausius Statement of the 2nd Law produce
work while exchanging heat with one thermal reservoir and have
100% efficiency!
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Kelvin Plank’s Statement

A system operating in a thermodynamic cycle can

not produce a net amount of work while receiving
heat from a single thermal reservoir. (Heat engines
cannot convert heat into work with 100% efficiency).

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Maximum efficiency for a heat engine
• To determine the maximum efficiency of a heat engine we need
an ideal process. The ideal process is called a reversible process.

• The processes in which both the system and its surroundings can

be simultaneously returned to their initial states after the
process has been completed, is called a reversible process.

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Maximum efficiency for a heat engine

Why we need a reversible process if no real process is

actually reversible?

• In reversible processes because work producing devices such as

car engines and gas or steam turbines deliver the most work.

• Work consuming devices such as compressors, fans, and pumps

consume the least work when reversible processes are used
instead of irreversible ones.

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Sources of Irreversibilities

Heat transfer through a finite Unrestrained or fast expansion or compression

temperature difference of a fluid (even without friction)

Friction Mixing of two different substances 22

Approximately Reversible Process

No real process is completely reversible.

Some processes are nearly reversible and can be treated as if they

were reversible.

• Systems with very little friction

• Very slow expansion or compression of a fluid (quasi-

equilibrium)

• Heat transfer through a very small temperature difference

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External and Internal Reversible Processes

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State-1 Hot Reservoir

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Process 1-2: Isothermal Expansion

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State 2b: Insulation

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Process 2-3: Adiabatic Expansion

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State 3b: Cold Reservoir

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Process 3-4: Isothermal Compression

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State 4-1: Adiabatic Compression

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The Carnot Cycle

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Work done by the Carnot Power Cycle

Wcycle (>0)= W123+(-W341)

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Work done by the Reversed Carnot Cycle

Reversed Carnot cycle = Refrigeration/Heat Pump Cycle

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Carnot Vapor Power Cycle

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Reversing a Carnot Vapor Power Cycle

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First Carnot Principle
The efficiency of a reversible cycle will always be greater than the
efficiency of an irreversible cycle operating between the same two
thermal reservoirs.
Forward Process of
Reversible HE
Assumption:

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Verification of First Carnot Principle
Backward Process
of Reversible HE Assumption:

If the 2nd Law is violated (net Q=0),

then the 1st Carnot Principle is true!

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Second Carnot Principle
All reversible power cycles operating between the same two thermal
reservoirs have the same efficiency.

This system has an efficiency of 100% and that is a violation of

the Kelvin-Planck statement of the 2nd Law. Therefore, the 2nd Carnot
Principle is true. 39
Efficiency dependence on Reservoir's Temperature

?
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Thermodynamic temperature scale arrangement

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Thermodynamic temperature scale arrangement (2)

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Carnot Cycle for an Ideal gas

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Applying 1st law on Carnot Cycle

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Heat Transfer in isothermal processes

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Adiabatic compression and expansion

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Ideal gas and Kelvin Temperature Scales

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Performance Measures for Carnot Cycles

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Checking Reversibility and Irreversibility of Engine
The thermal efficiency of any heat
engine, reversible or irreversible

The efficiency of a Carnot engine, or

any reversible heat engine

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Problem 6-19
A heat engine that pumps water out of an
underground mine accepts 700 kJ of heat and
produces 250 kJ of work. How much heat does it
reject, in kJ?

Problem 6-38
Determine the COP of a heat pump that supplies
energy to a house at a rate of 8000 kJ/h for each
kW of electric power it draws. Also, determine the
rate of energy absorption from the outdoor air.
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Problem 6.52
Refrigerant-134a enters the condenser of a residential heat pump at
800 kPa and 36oC at a rate of 0.018 kg/s and leaves at 800 kPa as a
saturated liquid. If the compressor consumes 1.2 kW of power,
determine (a) the COP of the heat pump and (b) the rate of heat
absorption from the outside air.

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Problem 6.77
An inventor claims to have devised a cyclical engine for use in space
vehicles that operates with a nuclear-fuel-generated energy source
whose temperature is 610K and a sink at 270K that radiates waste
heat to deep space. He also claims that this engine produces 4.1 kW
while rejecting heat at a rate of 15,000 kJ/h. Is this claim valid?

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Problem 6.91
A heat pump operates on a Carnot heat pump
cycle with a COP of 8.7. It keeps a space at 24oC
by consuming 2.15 kW of power. Determine the
temperature of the reservoir from which the
heat is absorbed and the heating load provided
by the heat pump.

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Problem 6.97
A commercial refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid
is used to keep the refrigerated space at -35oC by rejecting waste
heat to cooling water that enters the condenser at 18oC at a rate of
0.25 kg/s and leaves at 26oC. The refrigerant enters the condenser at
1.2 MPa and 50OC and leaves at the same pressure sub-cooled by
5oC. If the compressor consumes 3.3 kW of power, determine (a) the
mass flow rate of the refrigerant, (b) the refrigeration load, (c) the
COP, and (d) the minimum power input to the compressor for the
same refrigeration load.

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Fig. P 6.97

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Problems Chapter 6
Exercise Problems:
6.15, 6.16, 6.18, 6.21, 6.24, 6.37, 6.39, 6.41,
6.42, 6.45, 6.47, 6.49, 6.51, 6.72, 6.74, 6.79, 6.80,
6.87, 6.89, 6.90, 6.92, 6.93, 6.94, 6.95, 6.98, 6.99,
6.101, 6.103

Due Date
24 July, 10:30AM

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