Scientific Revolution

Intellectual
How can science be defined?
Revolution that
defined Society
1. Science as an idea

2. Science as an intellectual activity Compiled by:

3. Science as a body of knowledge ELISA C. OPERARIO, Ph.D

LORNA MAY G. PARADO, MA

4. Science as a personal and social JOANA FATIMA BERGADO

MA. CRISTITA O. ELMIDO, LPT

activity
 Science as an Idea

It includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic

explanations and observations about the natural and
physical world.
 Science as an intellectual activity

 It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical

world. This process of study involves systematic observation and
experimentation.
 Science as a body of Knowledge

 It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of

knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural
and physical world. This is what refer to as school science.
 Science as a personal and social activity

 It explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by

human beings to develop better understanding of the world around
them. It is a means to improve life and to survive in life. It is a
interwoven with people’s life.
Scientific revolution
- It is the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics,
physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about
nature.
- The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to reflect, rethink, and
reexamine their beliefs and their way of life;
- It led to the creation of new research fields in science and prompted the establishment
of a strong foundation for modern science.
 Influence to Scientific Revolution
SCIENCE IDEAS

SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTIONS

HUMANS SOCIETY
 Variables that Influence the Development of Science
Ideas, Science Discoveries, and Technology
SCIENCE
Creativity SCIENTISTS
IDEAS

Passion to
know SCIENCE
Curiosity DISCOVERIES
Passion to
discover
TECHNOLOGY
Critical
Thinking
 Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas
Nicolaus Copernicus

His idea and model of

the universe placed
the Sun to be the
centerpiece of the
universe.
 Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas
Charles Darwin
Famous for his theory of
evolution.
He published his book The Origin
of Species in 1589. His book
presented evidence on how
species evolved over time and
presented traits and adaptation
that differentiate species.
 Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas

Sigmund Freud
 Famous figure in the field of
psychology.
 Made a significant contribution
through the development of an
important observational method
known as the method of
psychoanalysis
 His method was unorthodox—
focusing on human sexuality and
the evil nature of man.
 Development of Science in Mesoamerica
•The Maya civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for
approximately 2,000 years.
- They incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their
temples and other religious structures.
- They are known for their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using
astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.
- They are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar
systems.
- They developed the technology for growing different crops and building
elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools.
- They built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints
made from a mineral called mica.
- They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber
products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
- They are one of the world’s first civilizations to use a writing system known
as the Mayan hieroglyphics;
- They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number system based
on the numeral 20.
- They independently developed the concept of zero and positional value,
even before the Romans did.
– The Inca civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica. The following were scientific ideas
and tools that they developed to help them in everyday life:
- roads paved with stones;
- stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters;
- irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of
land;
- calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting
season;
- the first suspension bridge; quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only
experts can interpret; and
- Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements.
The Aztec civilization has also made substantial contributions to science and
technology and to the society as a whole. Some of their contributions are the
following:
- Mandatory education. Their children are mandated to get education regardless of
their social class, gender, or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive
education.
- Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. The Aztec
valued the cacao beans highly and made them as part of their tribute to their
gods.
- Antispasmodic medication. They used a type of antispasmodic medication that
could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery
- Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which
the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.

- Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and
planting season.

- Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in water
systems.
 Development of Science in Asia
India. The Indians creatively developed various ideas and technologies useful in
their everyday lives.
- Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the
whole of Roman Empire.
- Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India
before 2500 BC, is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine.
- They discovered some medicinal properties of plants that led them to
develop medicines to cure various illnesses.
- The Susruta Samhita describes different surgical and other medical
procedures famous in Ancient India.

- They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical

self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30
days each.

- The people of this civilization, according to Bisht (1982), tried to standardize

measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler,
the Mohenjodaro ruler.
- Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476–550), in his
Aryabhatiya, introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and
techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.

- Another Indian, Brahmagupta, also suggested that gravity was a force of

attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a
decimal digit.

- Another Indian named Madhava of Sangamagrama is also considered as the

founder of mathematical analysis (Joseph, 1991).
– China. It is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in
many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts,
philosophy, and music, among others.
- Known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and
discovery of the Chinese people
- Discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and
animals to cure human illness; an example is the practice of acupuncture
- Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilizations
were compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools.
- They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and
propeller, among others.
- They developed a design of different models of bridges (Zhongguo ke
xue yuan, 1983), invented the first seismological detector, and
developed a dry dock facility (Needham et al., 1971).
- Made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and
comets, which were carefully recorded and preserved to understand
better the heavenly bodies and their effects to our world (Mayall,
1939)
- They observed the heavenly bodies to understand weather changes
and seasons that may affect their daily activities. They used lunar
calendars.
– The Middle East Countries. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th
centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, or what is called the Golden Age of
Islam lasted until the 13th century.
- Muslim scientists placed greater value on science experiments rather than
plain-thought experiments.
- A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the Father of
Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.
- Mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the
concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr
- Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the number
system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation.
- Some scholars considered Jābir ibn Hayyān to be the “Father of
Chemistry” (Derewenda, 2007; Warren, 2005).
- Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the
first physician to conduct clinical trials (Jacquart, 2008).
- Ibn Sina two most notable works in medicine, the Book of Healing and
The Canon of Medicine, were used as standard medicinal texts in both
the Muslim world and in Europe during the 17th century.
Development of Science in Africa
Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also
emerged in this part of the planet long before the Europeans
colonized it.
Astronomy was also famous in the African region. Documents show
that Africans used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar,
or a combination of the three.
North Africa and the Nile Valley imported iron technology from the
Near East region that enabled them to benefit from the
developments during the Bronze Age until the Iron Age.
Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in the
African continent.

The Lebombo Bone, which may have been a tool for multiplication, division,
and simple mathematical calculation or a six month lunar calendar, is
considered to be the oldest known mathematical artifact dated from 35,000
BCE.

The Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval period was also benefiting
from mathematical learning, which is considered advanced during those times,
such as algebra, geometry, and trigonometry.
The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and made
significant advances in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine.
For example:
- They are good in the four fundamental mathematical operations and other
mathematical skills. They have knowledge of the basic concepts of algebra
and geometry.
- The rules of geometry were developed and used to build rectilinear
structures, the post of lintel architecture of Egypt.
- The great structures of the Egyptian pyramids and the early dams built to
divert water from the Nile River are some proofs of their advanced
civilization.
- Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known as
the medieval forerunner of chemistry.
- They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and
applied important components such as examination, diagnosis,
treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of diseases.
Questions:

1. How did society shape science and how did science shape society?

2. How do social and human issues influence science?

3. How do political and cultural landscapes of the society affect the development of
scientific culture, scientific activities and science literacy?

4. Considering the current state of our society, do you think that science literacy among
people has contributed to the growth of our economy?

5. How can science influence government policies?

PROCESSING QUESTIONS

1. Form a small group.

2. Review the history of science and make a timeline
highlighting the major discoveries and developments in
science.
ANSWER KEYS:

1. Science is as old as the world itself; it is always interwoven with the

society. Human beings have embarked on scientific activities in order to
know and understand everything around them. It enabled the people to
reflect, rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and their way of life.
2. Social and human issues led to the idea of Scientific revolution, when the
developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology,
and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
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Janice Patria Javier Serafica,et al.,2018,”Science, Technology and Society” 1st
edition
TheEnd!