Material Balance for Reservoir

& Well completion Techniques

Under the guidance of PRESENTED BY

Mrs.K.Vaijeyanthi GUNALAN R (2017311517)
Teaching fellow KARTHIKEYAN P(2017311521)

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 OBJECTIVE

 This project aims in the Primary Recovery Mechanism of the reservoir .

 This project in turn helps in calculating the material balance equation for
the given reservoir and finds the driving mechanism .

 Calculating the original oil in place and recovery factor .

 The design of Gas Lift is carried out in this project .

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 PRIMARY RECOVERY
MECHANISM
• The recovery of oil by any natural drive mechanism is called primary
recovery mechanism.
• The term refers to the production of hydrocarbon from the reservoir
without the use of any process such as to supplement the natural energy of
the reservoir. There are six types of major drive mechanism,

1. Rock and liquid expansion drive

2. Depletion drive
3. Gas-cap drive
4. Water drive
5. Combination drive
6. Gravity drainage drive

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 DEPLETION DRIVE MECHANISM

 
• Reservoir rock surrounded by impermeable barrier.
• At the start of Production, expansion of dissolved gases occur.
• Change in fluid volume results in production of Reservoir fluids.
• A solution gas drive reservoir is initially either considered to be
Under saturated
Saturated
RECOVERY:
The recovery percentage of this driving mechanism is 10-25%.

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Figure 1 : Depletion Drive

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 Gas Cap Drive
•Expansion of already present Gas Cap above the reservoir .
• Decrease in pressure during the production, expansion of Gas cap occur.
• As production continues, the gas cap expands pushing the gas-oil contact
(GOC) downwards.
• Better than Solution gas drive .
• The recovery of gas cap reservoirs is better than for solution drive
• reservoirs (20% to 40% OOIP).

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Gas Cap Drive

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 Water Drive Mechanism
•Reservoir bounded by aquifers.
• During Pressure Depletion, the compressed water expands and
overflow towards reservoir.
• Invading water drive the oil towards producing wells.
• Water influx acts to mitigate the Pressure Decline.
• The recovery from water driven reservoirs is usually good (20-60%
• OOIP)
• Oil recovery from water drive reservoirs typically ranges from 35 to
75% of the original oil in place

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Water Drive Mechanism

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 Gravity Drainage
•Density Differences segregate oil, water and gas .
• Relatively weak mechanism
• Can be used as drive mechanism in combination with other drive
mechanism
• The best conditions for gravity drainage are:
Thick oil zones.
High vertical permeabilities
• Rate of production generated by gravity mechanism is vey low(50-70%
OOIP).
• The rate of oil gravity drainage in the reservoir is usually low compared to
field production rates.

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Gravity Drainage

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 Combination or Mixed Drive
• In practice, reservoir usually incorporates at least two main drive
mechanisms.
• The management of the reservoir for different drive mechanisms can be
diametrically opposed.
• For example Gas cap & Aquifer are sometime present together.
• Strength of drives must be identified as early as possible in the life of
reservoir to optimize the reservoirs performance.

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Combination or Mixed Drive

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 MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
• The equation is structured to simply keep inventory of all materials
entering, leaving, and accumulating in the given reservoir.
• The concept of the material balance equation was presented by Schilthuis
in 1941. In its simplest form, the equation can be written on a volumetric
basis as:

• Initial volume = Volume remaining + Volume removed

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 ASSUMPTIONS FOR MATERIAL
BALANCE EQUATION

• Constant temperature
• Pressure equilibrium
• Constant reservoir volume
• Reliable Production Data

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 IMPORTANT NOTATIONS
• pi – Initial reservoir pressure, psi
• p – Volumetric average reservoir pressure
• Δp – Change in reservoir pressure = pi − p, psi
• pb – Bubble point pressure, psi
• N – Initial (original) oil-in-place, STB
• Np – Cumulative oil produced, STB
• G – Initial gas-cap gas, scf
• Gp – Cumulative gas produced, scf
• Winj – Cumulative water injected, STB
• Ginj – Cumulative gas injected, scf
• Wp – Cumulative water produced, bbl
• Rs – Gas solubility, scf/STB

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 IMPORTANT NOTATIONS
• Rsi – Initial gas solubility, scf/STB
• Rp – Cumulative gas-oil ratio, scf/STB
• Boi – Initial oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB
• Bo – Oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB
• Bgi – Initial gas formation volume factor, bbl/scf
• Bg – Gas formation volume factor, bbl/scf
• GOR – Instantaneous gas-oil ratio, scf/STB
• m – Ratio of initial gas-cap gas reservoir volume to initial reservoir
• oil volume, bbl/bbl
• P.V – Pore volume, bbl
• cw – Water compressibility, psi−1
• cf – Formation (rock) compressibility, psi−1

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 MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION FOR OIL
RESERVOIR

Oil withdrawals + Free gas withdrawals + water withdrawals =

Expansion of oil + Originally dissolved gas + Expansion of gas cap +
Reduction in HCPV + water encroachment

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 DERIVATION

•  
• Oil withdrawals = Np Bo
• Free gas withdrawal = NP(RP-RS)Bg
• Water withdrawals = W PB w
• Expansion of oil = N(Bo -Boi)
• Expansion of gas cap = mN(Bg- Bgi)
• Originally dissolved gas = N( Rsi –Rs )Bg
• Total free gas = NpRP = Free gas + dissolved gas
• Hydrocarbon pore volume = (1+m)NBoi
• Hydrocarbon PV Reduction = (1+m)NBoi x x ∆P
• Water encroachment = We Bw

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 DERIVATION
•  

Np Bo + NP(RP-RS)Bg + WPBw = N(Bo -Boi) + N( Rsi –Rs )Bg + mN(Bg- Bgi) +

(1+m)NBoi x x ∆P + We Bw

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 DERIVATION
•For  under saturated depletion reservoir :
 m=0 as no gas-cap available
 Wp= 0 & We= 0 as no water cut
is produced
 Rsi = Rs for under saturated
reservoir
The above formula can be simplified as for the under saturated
depletion drive reservoir ,

Np Bo = N [(Bo-Boi ) + Boi x ∆P ]

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 DETAILS OF RESERVOIR
 NAME : SAND-XX
 RESERVOIR INITIAL PRESSURE : 1598.65 psi
 RESERVOIR CURRENT PRESSURE : 1436 psi
 SATURATION PRESSURE : 1170 psi
 RESERVOIR TEMPERATURE : 149 ◦F
 API GRAVITY : 47.05
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY : 0.7925
 FORMATION CVOMPRESSIBILITY (cf) : 3.60×10-6 psi-1
 WATER COMPRESSIBILITY(cw) : 3.04×10-6 psi-1
 OIL COMPRESSIBILITY (co) : 2.10×10-5 psi-1
 EFFECTIVE COMPRESSIBILITY : 3.12×10-5 psi-1
 TOTAL COMPRESSIBILITY : 3.064×10-4 psi-1
 POROSITY : 0.2
 AVG RESERVOIR PRESSURE : 1376 psi 22
 CALCULATIONS
•  
• But from the definition of isothermal compressibility,
Co =
• For two phase system So = 1- Swc then under saturated depletion drive
reservoir becomes,
NpBo = NBoiCeff ∆p
Where, Ceff = / (1-Swc)
 

 Cf = (1.782/Φ0.438) ×10-6 = 3.6 × 10 -6psi-1

 Cw = (C1+C2T+C3T2) ×10-6 = 3.04×10-6 psi-1
 C1 = 3.8546 - 0.000134 × P = 3.662 psi-1
 C2 = -0.0105-(4.77 × 10 -7) × P = - 9.8×10-3 psi-1
 C3 = 3.9267×10 -5 - (8.8×10-10×P) = 8.8 × 10-5 psi-1
 Ceff = CoSo +CwSwc+ Cf/1-Swc = 3.12×10-5 psi-1
 
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•  
CALCULATIONS
NpB0 = NBoi ceff ∆p

N=

N= 56.52MMt
RECOVERY FACTOR

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 RECOVERY FACTOR

•  
• Initial Oil in Place (N)
• Recovery factor of the well = =

0.51%

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 REFERENCE

1. Reservoir Engineering Handbook, Tarek Ahmed,

2. Perrin Dennis , Well completion and Servicing.

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