SHEAR AND MOMENT

EQUATIONS AND DIAGRAMS

Introduction
Shear diagram
Bending-moment diagram
 WHAT IS A BENDING MOMENT
• simply supported beam subject to a uniformly distorted load.
 WHAT IS A SHEAR FORCE?
• A shear force is any force acting perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the structure.
We’re typically interested in internal shear forces that are the result of internal shear stresses
developed in the structure.
• When a beam is loaded,
internal forces develop
within to maintain
equilibrium. These internal
forces have two components.
These internal forces have two components. We have
shear forces, oriented in the vertical direction.
and we also have normal
forces which are oriented
along the axis of the beam.
• If the beam is sagging, the top of the beam will
get shorter and so the normal forces in the top of
the beam will be compressive.

Fact:
There is a plane in the beam where this
transition between tension and compression
occurs. This plane is called the neutral plane or
sometimes the neutral axis.
• The bottom of the beam will get longer, and so the normal forces in
the bottom of the Beam will be tensile.
• each of the tensile normal forces has a corresponding
compressive force which is equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction. As such these forces don’t produce a net normal force,
but they do produce a moment.

• This means that we can

conveniently represent the
internal forces acting on the
beam cross-section
 • Using just two resultant – one shear force, which is
a resultant of the vertical internal forces, and one
bending moment, which is a resultant of the normal
internal forces.

• This is very common way of representing the internal forces within a beam. Drawing the
shear force and bending moment diagrams is just figuring out what these internal forces are
at each location along the beam. These resultant shear forces and bending moments will
depend on the loads acting on the beam, and the way in which the beam is supported.
• Beams can be loaded in a number of ways, the most common being
concentrated forces, Distributed forces, and concentrated moments.
• Beams can also be supported in a number of different ways.
• They can have pinned supports, roller
supports, or be fully fixed, which each
restrain the beam in different ways.
Pinned supports prevents vertical and
horizontal displacements but allow
rotation.
• Roller supports prevent vertical
displacement but allow horizontal
displacement and rotation.
• Fixed supports prevents all
displacements and rotation.
 Example rotation are permitted for a
pinned support, so there is no
if a certain degree of freedom is
reaction moment, but displacement
restrained at a support, we will have
in the vertical and horizontal
a corresponding reaction force or
direction are prevented, so we will
reaction moment at that location.
have horizontal and vertical reaction
forces.
• How do you determine the shear forces and
bending moments within a beam?
• There are three main steps we need to follow.
• Draw a fee body diagram of the beam.
 • Draw a fee body diagram of the beam.

• This show all of the applied and reaction loads acting on the beam. The next step is to
calculate the magnitude of the forces and reaction moments at all of the beam supports. We
do this using the concept of the equilibrium. To maintain equilibrium, all of the forces in the
vertical and horizontal directions should cancel each other out. Similarly, all of the moments
acting at every point along the beam should cancel each other out.
• This gives us a set of simple equations we can solve to calculate the reaction
forces and moments.
• If we can calculate all of the reaction loads using the three equilibrium equations,
the beam is said to be statically determinate. For some beam configurations, like
this one shown here, we won’t be able to calculate all of the reaction loads
because we have too many unknowns and not enough equilibrium equations.
• In this case the beam is said to be statically indeterminate. This beam
has 4 reaction forces, but we only have 3 equilibrium equations.
• To solve this beam, we would need to use slightly more complicated
methods and consider boundary conditions. Once we have calculated all of
the reaction loads, third and final step is to figure out the internal shear
forces and bending moments at every location along the beam. To do this
we will use the concept of equilibrium again.
• If we cut our beam at any location, the
internal forces and moments need to cancel
out the external forces and moments so that
equilibrium is maintained. This allows us to
easily calculate the shear force and bending
moments at each location along the beam.
All we need to do is start from one side of
the beam, and move the location of the cut
along the beam, calculating the shear forces
and bending moments as we go.
 • Now is a good time to define the sign convention we will
be using. Applied forces will be positive if they are
acting in the downwards direction.

• For shear forces and bending moments, the positive sign convention
will be as shown here.
• If the beam is on the left side of our cut, shear
forces pointing downwards will be positive.
• If the beam is on the right side of our cut, shear
forces pointing upwards will be positive.
• Positive bending moments will be those that put the
lower section of the beam into tension.
• Another way to think about
it is that bending moments
which cause sagging of the
beam are positive, and
those that cause hogging of
the beam are negative.
• For more complex loading,
drawing the shear force and
bending moments diagram can
be more difficult.
• The relationship between the
applied load, shear forces and
bending moments.
• Example a beam loaded by an arbitrary distributed force. We can
zoom in to look at an infinitesimally small segment of the beam with a
width equal to D-X, and draw the free body diagram.
• Over such a short section of the beam the distributed force can be
assumed to be uniform, and we can replace it with an equivalent
concentrated force.
• By applying the equilibrium equations to this
free body diagram, it is possible to demonstrate
• That the following relationship exist between
the applied distribute force, the shear force
graph and the bending moment graph.
• The quantity D-V over D-X is the slope of the shear force curve, and
at a given point along the beam it is equal to minus the distributed
force.
•  Similarly, D-M over D-X is the slope of the bending moment curve,
and at a given point it is equal to the shear force.
• If we integrate the first equation, we can
show that the change in shear force between
two points is equal to the area under the
loading diagram between those two points.
• And if we integrate the second equation we
can show that the change in bending
moment between two points is equal to the
area under the shear force curve.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

• Problem no. 1

• FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS F7-7

• FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS F7-8

• Problem no. 2
• FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS F7-8
• FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS F7-12
SAMPLE
PROBLEM NO. 1
Draw the shear and moment
diagrams for the shaft shown in
Fig. 7–11a.
The support at A is a thrust
bearing and the support at C is a
journal
bearing.
Shear and Moment Functions.
The shaft is sectioned at an arbitrary distance x from point A,
extending within the region AB, and the free-body diagram of
the left segment is shown in Fig. 7–11b. The unknowns V and
M are assumed to act in the positive sense on the right-hand
face of the segment according to the established sign
convention. Applying the equilibrium equations yields
 
+↑ ∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0
𝑉
  =2.5 𝑘𝑁
(1)

 
+↑ ∑ 𝑀=0
 𝑀 =2.5 𝑘𝑁𝑥 ∙𝑚

(2)
A free-body diagram for a left
segment of the shaft extending from
A a distance x, within the region BC
is shown in Fig. 7–11c. As always, V
and M are shown acting in the
positive sense. Hence,
 
+↑ ∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0
0=2.5
  𝑘𝑁 −5 𝑘𝑁 −𝑉
𝑉
  =−2.5 𝑘𝑁

 
+↑ ∑ 𝑀=0
0=𝑀
  + 5 𝑘𝑁 ( 𝑥 −2 𝑚 ) −2.5 𝑘𝑁 ( 𝑥 )

 𝑀 = ( 10 − 2.5 𝑥 ) 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚¿
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
FOR A
𝑅
  𝐴 =2.5 𝑘𝑁 2.5kN 2.5kN
FOR B   V
𝑅
  𝐴 =2.5 𝑘𝑁 −5 𝑘𝑁 V = 2.5
𝑅  𝐴 =−2.5 𝑘𝑁
FOR C
𝑅
  𝐴 =2.5 𝑘𝑁 −2.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑅  𝑀 (𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚)
  𝐴 =0 V = -2.5
 BRNDING FORCE DIAGRAM
FOR A
 𝐴=0 2.5kN 2.5kN
FOR B   V
0=− 𝑅𝐴 ∙ 2+2.5 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 2 V = 2.5
 
𝑅𝐴
  ∙ 2=2.5 𝑘𝑁 ∙2
𝑀
  𝑚𝑎𝑥 =5 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
FOR C
𝑀  𝑀 (𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚)
  𝐴 =2.5 𝑘𝑁𝑥 4 −5 𝑥 2 𝑘𝑁 V = -2.5
𝑀  𝐴 =0 𝑀
  𝑚𝑎𝑥 =5
𝑀
  =2.5 𝑥 𝑀=−
  2.5 𝑥
FUNDAMENTAL
PROBLEMS F7-7
F7-7. Determine the shear and moment as
a function of x, then draw the shear and
moment diagrams.
𝐹𝑟𝑒 𝐵𝑜 𝑑𝑦𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

 𝐴𝑌 6𝑘𝑁 
𝑀
  𝐴
 𝐴 𝑋

𝐴 
𝑋 
3  𝑚
   +↑ Σ 𝐹𝑌 =0
 𝐴 =6 𝑘𝑁
𝑌
 
+→Σ 𝐹 𝑋 =0
 𝐴 =0
𝑋
 

 
𝐹𝑟𝑒 𝐵𝑜 𝑑𝑦𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

 𝐴𝑌 6𝑘𝑁 
𝑀
  𝐴 𝑉 
 𝐴 𝑋

𝐴  𝑀
 
𝑋 
3  𝑚
 𝑉
 
  +↑ Σ 𝐹𝑌 =0 +↑ Σ 𝐹𝑌 =0
 
6  𝑘𝑁
𝑉  =6𝑘𝑁
 𝐴 =6 𝑘𝑁  
𝑌
 
+→Σ 𝐹 𝑋 =0 3  𝑚
 𝐴 =0
𝑋 +↺ Σ 𝑀 =0
 
𝑀  3  𝑚
   

  𝑀=− 18+6 x
 
18
  𝑘𝑁 𝑀=−18+6 x
 
 FUNDAMENTAL
PROBLEMS F7-12
F7-12. Determine the shear and moment
as a function of x, where 0 < x < 6m, and
then draw the shear and moment
diagrams.
𝐹𝑟𝑒 𝐵𝑜 𝑑𝑦𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

4𝑘𝑁 
 12 𝑘𝑁 ∙𝑚
𝐴  𝐵 
 𝐴 𝑋

𝑋 
 𝐴𝑌
𝐵
  𝑌
3  𝑚 3  𝑚
  +↺ Σ 𝑀 𝐴 = 0
−12
  −4 ( 3 ) +𝐵 𝑌 ( 6 ) =0
  12+ 4 ( 3 )
𝐵𝑌=
6
𝐵  𝑌 =4 𝑘𝑁
  Σ 𝐹𝑌 =0
+↑
 𝐴𝑌 − 4+𝐵𝑌 =0
 
 0
+→
  Σ 𝐹 𝑋 =0
 𝐴 𝑋 =0
𝐹𝑟𝑒 𝐵𝑜 𝑑𝑦𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

4𝑘𝑁 
 12 𝑘𝑁 ∙𝑚 𝑉  1
𝐴  𝐵 
 𝐴 𝑋

𝑀
  1
𝑋 
 𝐴𝑌
𝐵
  𝑌
3  𝑚 3  𝑚
  +↺ Σ 𝑀 𝐴 = 0  
0 ≤ 𝑥 <3
−12
  −4 ( 3 ) +𝐵 𝑌 ( 6 ) =0
  12+ 4 ( 3 )
  +↑ Σ 𝐹𝑌 = 0
𝐵𝑌=  𝐴 − 𝑉 =0
6 𝑌 1
𝐵  𝑌 =4 𝑘𝑁  𝐴 =𝑉
𝑌 1
  Σ 𝐹𝑌 =0
+↑
 𝐴𝑌 − 4+𝐵𝑌 =0
𝑉  1=0
 
 
+↺ Σ 𝑀 1=0
 0  𝑀 − 12=0
1
+→
  Σ 𝐹 𝑋 =0  𝑀 =12 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
1
 𝐴 𝑋 =0
𝐹𝑟𝑒 𝐵𝑜 𝑑𝑦𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

4𝑘𝑁 
 12 𝑘𝑁 ∙𝑚 𝑉  2
𝐴  𝐵 
 𝐴 𝑋
𝑀
  2
  −𝑋)
(6
𝑋 
 𝐴𝑌
𝐵
  𝑌
3  𝑚 3  𝑚
  +↺ Σ 𝑀 𝐴 = 0
−12
  −4 ( 3 ) +𝐵 𝑌 ( 6 ) =0  
0 ≤ 𝑥 <3
 
3< 𝑥 ≤ 6
 
𝐵𝑌=
12+ 4 ( 3 )   +↑ Σ 𝐹𝑌 = 0  
+↑Σ 𝐹𝑌 =0
6  𝐴 − 𝑉 =0  𝑉 +4=0
𝐵  𝑌 =4 𝑘𝑁 𝑌 1 2
  Σ 𝐹𝑌 =0
+↑  𝐴 =𝑉  𝑉 = − 4 𝑘𝑁
𝑌 1 2
 𝐴𝑌 − 4+𝐵𝑌 =0
𝑉  1=0  +↺ Σ 𝑀 = 0
2
   +↺ Σ 𝑀 =0
 0 1 −
  𝑀 +4 (6 − x)=0
2
 𝑀 − 12=0
+→
  Σ 𝐹 𝑋 =0 1  𝑀 =24 − 4 x
 𝐴 𝑋 =0  𝑀 =12 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 2
1
 𝑉
 
0 ≤ 𝑥 <3
   
3< 𝑥 ≤ 6  
0
  +↑Σ 𝐹𝑌 =0  
+↑Σ 𝐹𝑌 =0 0 
 𝐴 − 𝑉 =0  
𝑌 1  𝑉 +4=0
 𝐴 =𝑉 2
𝑌 1 𝑉
  =−4 𝑘𝑁
2 𝑀  𝑀
  =12𝑘𝑁 ∙𝑚
𝑀
  =24−4 x
𝑉  1=0  
+↺ Σ 𝑀 2=0
1
2
 +↺ Σ 𝑀 =0
1
 𝑀 − 12=0 −
  𝑀 +4(6− x)=0
2
1 0 
 𝑀 =12𝑘𝑁 ∙𝑚 𝑀
  =24−4 x 3  𝑚 6  𝑚
1 2
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
NO. 2
Determine the shear and moment as a
function of x, and then draw the shear and
moment diagram
 STEP 1
Concentrate
27 kN Distributed Loads
1 
(Area of a Triangle) 𝑏h
2

  𝑘𝑁
(9) 6( 𝑚 ) =27 𝑘𝑁
2

 𝑏
(Centroid)
3
  9𝑚
=6 m
3
 STEP
2ind the Support Reactions
F 27 kN
+↻ Σ 𝑀 𝐴 =0
 

0=27
  𝑘𝑁 ( 6 𝑚 ) − 𝐵 𝑦 ( 9 𝑚 )
 1 1
[ ( 9 𝑚 ) 𝐵 𝑦 =27 𝑘𝑁 ( 6 𝑚 ) ]
9 9
𝐵
  𝑦 =18 𝑘𝑁 ↑
6m 3m
 𝐴 𝑦 =9 𝑘𝑁 ↑
A𝑦
 
B  𝑦
STEP 3
Find Shear (V) and Moment (M) Functions

w 6 kN
 m2
x 9m 3
2
w x
3
Magnitude of Resultant Force
1
 bh
2
1 2 
 x x 
2 3 
1 2
 x
3
  1 2
Magnit 𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥
3

 
+↑ ∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0
  1 2
9− 𝑥 − 𝑉 =0
3
  2
𝑥 (1)
V = 9−
3 ( )
 
+∑ 𝑀=0
  0=
  3
𝑥 (2)
𝑀= 9 𝑥−
9 (
𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 )
   2   3
𝑥 (1) 𝑥 (2)
V = 9−
3 ( ) 𝑀= 9 𝑥− (
9
𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 )
STEP 4
Find x and Mmax
V  0
eq. 1 eq. 2
 x2  x3
V 
9  3 0 M max  9x 
  9

39 
x2 
 9 5.20  
 5.20 
3

3
 3  9
M max  31.2kN  m
x 27
x  5.20m
STEP 5
Plot

2
 
𝑉  (𝑘𝑁 ) 𝑉 =9 − 𝑥
9
 
3
5.20m
9 𝑥
   

   
(kN*m) 𝑥3 −18
 
𝑀=9𝑥 −
9 𝑀 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =31.2
 

9 𝑥
 
 
5.20m
 FUNDAMENTAL
PROBLEMS
F7-8
F7-8. Determine the shear and moment
as a function of x, and then draw the shear
and moment diagram
 FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS
F7-8
• F7-8. Determine the shear and moment as a function of x, and then
draw the shear and moment diagram
2x
2x

M11
M

N11
N

xx VV11
22
 𝑉
 

9
  𝑥  

+↑Σ 𝐹𝑌 =0
 

18
 

0=−2 𝑥−𝑉 1
 

 
-2x 15
 

+↺ Σ 𝑀 1=0
  6  
6
 

𝑀
 
  𝑥 3
 
9
 
𝑀 1 − 15+2 𝑥 ( )=0
2
2 −21 

𝑀 1=15 − 𝑥
 

 
 FUNDAMENTAL
PROBLEMS
F7-9
F7-9. Determine the shear and moment
as a function of x, and then draw the shear
and moment diagram
  
𝑘𝑁
𝑤=2𝑥
𝑚
 
𝑤 6
=
𝑥 3
M1

𝑤=2𝑥
 
V1
  
𝑘𝑁
𝑤=2 𝑥
𝑚
+↑Σ 𝐹𝑌 =0
 

2
 
x −𝑉 1=0
2
M1 𝑉 1=𝑥
 

+↺ Σ 𝑀 1=0
 

V1
 
𝑥 2
𝑀 1+𝑥 ( )=0
  3 3
𝑥
𝑀 1=−
3
 1 2
0

𝑥
3 

-9

2
𝑉 1=𝑥
 
𝑀
 
1 2
3 0
𝑥
  3

𝑀 1=− -1/3

3 -8/3

9
 Lopez, Aaron Marcus A.
Leader

THANK Villanueva, Julie Nicole Andrea

Layug, Gerrick Y.
YOU Introduction
Orantia, Carl Angelo F.
Sample Problem No. 1
Santos, Geroemhia Reiven R.
Fundamental Problem F7-7
Kano, Angelo
Fundamental Problem F7-12
Tanoy, Ruskin
Sample Problem 2