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BASIC CONCEPTS OF
VIBRATING SYSTEM
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INTRODUCTION
Galileo Galilei (1564 1642), an
I t a l i a n a s t r o n o m e r, p h i l o s o p h e r,
and professor of mathematics at
the Universities of Pisa and
Padua, in 1609 became the first
m a n t o p o i n t a t e l e s c o p e t o t h e s k y.
He wrote the first treatise on
modern dynamics in 1590. His works on the
oscillations of a simple pendulum and the vibration
of strings are of fundamental significance in the
theory of vibrations.
Pendulum
Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of
time is called vibration or oscillation. The swinging
of a pendulum and the motion of a plucked string
are typical examples of vibration. The theory of
vibration deals with the study of oscillatory motions
of bodies and the forces associated with them.
The vibration of a system involves the transfer of
its potential energy to kinetic energy and of kinetic
energy to potential e n e r g y, a l t e r n a t e l y. If
the system is damped, some energy is dissipated in
each cycle of vibration and must be replaced by an
external source if a state of steady  vibration is to
be maintained. 2
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Elements for Vibration

1. M a s s [ m ] : R i g i d b o d y
executes vibration
2. S p r i n g [ k ] : E l a s t i c i t y o f
body
3. D a m p e r [ c ] : M e a n s o f
energy dissipation
4. E x c i t a t i o n [ F ( t ) ] : S y s t e m
receives energy from
excitation

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https://www.slideserve.com/Gabriel/mechanical-vibrations
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Degree of Freedom (DOF) of Vibrating Mass

The degree of freedom or DOF is the number of

independent co-ordinates needed to represent the
motion or vibration of a body

Beam, DOF – Infinite

Spring Mass System, DOF = 1 Two Spring Two Mass

System, DOF = 2

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Vibration
• All bodies having mass and elasticity are
capable of producing vibration.
• The mass is inherent of the body and elasticity
causes relative motion among its parts.
• When body particles are displaced by the
application of external force, the internal forces
in the form of elastic energy are present in the
b o d y.
• These forces try to bring the body to its original
position.
• At equilibrium position, the whole of the elastic
energy is converted into kinetic energy and body
continues to move in the opposite direction
because of it.
• The whole of the kinetic energy is again
converted into elastic or strain energy due to
which the body again returns to the equilibrium
position.
• I n t h i s w a y, v i b r a t o r y m o t i o n i s r e p e a t e d
indefinitely and exchange of energy takes place.
• Thus, any motion which repeats itself after an
interval of time is called vibration or oscillation.
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• Periodic motion: A motion which repeats
itself after equal intervals of time.
• Time period: Time taken to complete one
cycle.
• Frequency: Number of cycles per unit time.
• Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a
vibrating body from its equilibrium position.
• Natural frequency: When no external force
acting on the system after giving it an initial
displacement, the body vibrates. These
vibrations are called free vibrations and
t h e i r f r e q u e n c y a s n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y. I t i s
expressed in rad/sec or Hertz.
• Fundamental Mode of Vibration: The
fundamental mode of vibration of a system is
the mode having the lowest natural
f r e q u e n c y.
Damping:
– It is the resistance to the motion of a
v i b r a t i n g b o d y.
– The vibrations associated with this
resistance are known as damped vibrations. 7
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EQUIVALENT
SOLUTIONS
In systems in which masses are joined by
rigid links, levers, or gears and in some
distributed systems, various springs,
dampers, and masses can be expressed in
terms of one coordinate x at a specific
point and the system is simply
transformed into a single DOF system.

This method is called the equivalent

system method used to simplify higher
DOF problems. We already discussed this
method for systems of rigid bodies in
Lesson 2. In this lesson, we present two
more examples of distributed systems.

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EQUIVALENT USERS
The virtual work method is another
scalar method besides the work and
energy method. It is useful especially
for systems of interconnected bodies of
h i g h e r D O F. T h e p r i n c i p l e o f v i r t u a l
work states that If a system in
equilibrium under the action of a set of
forces is given a virtual displacement,
the virtual work done by the forces will
be zero.

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DAMPING
When the energy of a vibrating system is gradually dissipated
by friction and other resistances, the vibrations are said to
be damped.
The vibrations gradually reduce or change in frequency or
intensity or cease and the system rests in its equilibrium
position.

The equivalent damping constant of a parallel damper

arrangement(common displacement) is the sum of the
individual constants.

The equivalent damping constant of a series damper

arrangement(common force) is the inverse of the sum of the
reciprocals of the
individual constants.
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THE END Thank you 

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