Chapter-4

First Law of Thermo-dynamics

• It states that
“energy can be neither created nor destroyed
during a process; it can only change forms”
 Cont…
• We know energy transfer from the closed system in
either heat or work mode
Let’s consider some process of potato baked in the
oven(disregarding any mass transfer from the potato)
5kg of energy is transferred to the potato so the energy
increase of the potato will also be 5kg
 Cont…
• Consider again adiabatic room heated by an electric
heater as a system.
• As a result of electrical work done, the energy of the
system increases. Since adiabatic, the principle of
energy conservation says the net electrical work
done on the system must be equal to the increase in
energy of the system.
 Cont…
• Therefore seeing this another way to express the first
law of thermodynamics will be
“The net change (increase or decrease) in the total
energy of the system during a process is equal to the
difference between the total energy entering and the
total energy leaving the system during that process”
Total energy entering system-Total energy leaving
system= change in total energy of the system
Ein –Eout =ΔEsystem
 Energy change of a system (ΔEsystem )

• Doing on process, the energy change of a

system is point function(I.e energy is property)
Energy change= Energy at final state-Energy
at initial state
ΔEsystem = Efinal-Einitial
 Mechanisms of Energy Transfer
1. Heat transfer, Q
2. Work transfer, W
3. Mass flow, m
Therefore ones we know this, our energy balance will
be
Ein –Eout =(Qin-Qout)+(Win-Wout)+(Emass,in-Emass,out)=ΔEsystem
 Cont…
• Energy balance for any system undergoing any
kind of process will be

• In rate form
 Cont…
• What do you think is the energy balance for a
closed system undergoing a cycle ?
ΔEsystem =E2-E1=0 or Ein=Eout
the energy balance will be
Wnet,out=Qnet,in

“ the net work output during a cycle is equal to

the net heat input.”
 Cont…
Example 1. A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while
being stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the
fluid is 800 kJ. During the Cooling process, the fluid loses 500 kJ of
heat, and the paddle wheel does 100kJ of work on the fluid.
Determine the final internal energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy
stored in the paddle wheel.
Before solving the equation by applying energy balance try to ask
yourself
• What kind of energy is involving the energy balance?
• Is there work transfer to the system? what about from the system?
• Is there mass transfer from the system?
 Cont…
Since the tank is stationary, ΔKE=0 ΔPE=0, therefore ΔE=
ΔU(internal energy is the only one that’s changing during this
process)
it’s closed system since no mass transfer occurs during a process
and also no boundary work(rigid tank).
Ein –Eout= ΔEsystem =ΔU=U2-U1
Wshaft,in-Qout=U2-U1
100kJ-500kJ=U2 -800kJ
U2=400kJ (final internal energy )
 Cont…
Example 2. A fan that consumes 20W of
electric power when operating is claimed to
discharge air from a ventilated room at a rate
of 0.25 kg/s at a discharge velocity of 8 m/s.
Determine if this claim is reasonable.
From energy balance we have
 Cont…
The energy transferred by the electric work is
and solving for vout is given by
.
1 . 2
W ele , in  ke out  m air * v out
2
.
2 * W ele , in m
v out  .
 6 .3
m air
s

since this value is less than 8m/s, the claim is

 Cont…
• Example 3. A room is initially at the outdoor temperature
of 25oc. Now a large fan that consumes 200 W of
electricity when running is turned on. The heat transfer
rate between the room and the outdoor air is given as Q=
UA(Ti-To) where U= 6 W/m2.oc is the overall heat transfer
coefficient A=30 m2 is the exposed surface area of the
room, and T are the indoor and outdoor air temperatures,
respectively. Determine the indoor air temperature when
steady operating conditions are established.
Ans. Ti=26.1oc
 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
APPLIED TO A CYCLE
• The first law of thermodynamics for a cycle
says “the net heat transfer is equal to the net
work done for a system undergoing a cycle.”
 Cont…
• If we apply the first law to an isolated system,
one for which the first law becomes the
conservation of energy; that is, E2=E1.
• Example 4. A 5-hp fan is used in a large room
to provide for air circulation. Assuming a well-
insulated, sealed room. Determine the
internal energy increase after 1 h of operation.
 Cont…
First write down the energy balance before
solving
Assumptions Q1-2 =0, KE and PE are zero,
therefore the 1st law becomes
-W=U2-U1
W=-5hp*746watt/hp*3600s=-1.343*107 J
therefore the increase in internal energy is
U2-U1 = -(-1.343*107 J )=1.343*107 J
 ENTHALPY
Assuming a rigid cylinder, the energy balance of the 1 st law of
thermodynamics will be

And we know also the work done raising the weight at constant
pressure is given by

The 1st law can then be written as

The quantity in the parenthesis which is a combination of
Properties is called ENTHALPY.
Therefore the energy equation can be written for constant pressure
equilibrium process as
 LATENT HEAT
• The amount of energy that must be
transferred in the form of heat to a substance
held at constant pressure in order that a
phase change occur is called the latent heat.
• It is the change in enthalpy of the substance at
the saturated conditions of the two phases.
 SPECIFIC HEATS
• For a simple system only two independent properties are
necessary to establish the state of the system. Consequently,
we can consider the specific internal energy to be a function
of temperature and specific volume; that is,

Using chain rule from calculus we found

The constant volume specific heat becomes

Therefore we have
 Cont…
• Likewise, considering specific enthalpy to be dependent on
the two variables T and P, we have

The constant-pressure specific heat cp, is defined as

For an ideal gas we have, returning to the definition of enthalpy

• Since U is only a function of T, we see that h is also only a

function of T for an ideal gas. Hence, for an ideal gas

Therefore we can write and integrate over the temperature

range of T1 and T2
 Cont…
Enthalpy equation in differential form is given as

Introducing the specific heat relations and the

ideal-gas equation, we have

The specific heat ratio k is also a property of

particular interest; it is defined as
 Cont…
Example 5. The specific heat of superheated
steam at approximately 150 kPa can be
determined by the equation
a. What is the enthalpy change between 300oC and
700oC for 3 kg of steam? Compare with the steam
tables.
b. What is the average value of cp between 300oC and
700oC based on the equation and based on the
tabulated data?
 Cont…
Based on the given correlation
 THE FIRST LAW APPLIED TO VARIOUS
PROCESSES
a. The Constant-Temperature Process
• Internal energy and enthalpy vary slightly with
pressure for the isothermal process, and this
variation must be accounted for in processes
involving many substances. The energy equation is

• For a gas that approximates an ideal gas, the

internal energy depends only on the temperature
and thus ΔU = 0 for an isothermal process; for such
a process
 Cont…
• Using the ideal-gas equation PV = mRT, the work for
a quasi-equilibrium process can be found to be

b. The constant-volume process

The work for a constant-volume quasi-equilibrium
process is zero, since dV is zero. For such a process
the first law becomes

for a gas approximated by ideal gas we would have

 Cont…
c. The Constant-Pressure Process
The first law, for a constant-pressure quasi-
equilibrium process is
For a gas that behaves as an ideal gas, we have

• For a non-equilibrium process the work must be

accounted for directly in the first law and cannot
be expressed as
Reading assignment: adiabatic process and
polytropic process.
 Cont…
Example 6. Determine the heat transfer
necessary to increase the pressure of 70
percent quality steam from 200 to 800 kPa,
maintaining the volume constant at 2m3.
Assume a quasi-equilibrium process.
Before solving try to differentiate what kind of
process is it, then from the energy balance of
first law put the right equation.
 Cont…
• For the constant-volume quasi-equilibrium process the work is
zero. The first law reduces to Q = m(u2 - u1)
 Cont…
Example 7. A piston-cylinder arrangement contains 0.02m3 of air at
50°C and 400 kPa. Heat is added in the amount of 50 kJ and work is done
by a paddle wheel until the temperature reaches 700°C. If the pressure is
held constant how much paddle-wheel work must be added to the air?
Assume constant specific heats.
 The process cannot be approximated by a quasi-equilibrium why? Thus,
the heat transfer is not equal to the enthalpy change. The first law may
be written as