A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition

Chapter Seven
Database Administration
 Objectives
• Understand, create, and drop views

• Recognize the benefits of using views

• Use a view to update data

• Grant and revoke users’ database privileges

• Understand the purpose, advantages, and

disadvantages of using an index
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 Objectives (continued)
• Create, use, and drop an index

• Understand and obtain information from the

system catalog

• Use integrity constraints to control data entry

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 Introduction
• Database administration
– Process of managing a database
• Database administrator
– Person or entire group in a business
organization charged with managing the
database

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 Creating and Using Views
• View
– A program’s or individual user’s picture of the
database
• Base tables
– Existing, permanent tables in a relational database

• View is a derived table because data in it

is retrieved from the base table

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 Creating and Using Views
(continued)
• Usually includes less information than full
database
– Simplifies data processing for the user
– Provides a measure of security by omitting sensitive
information
• Unavailable to user

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 Creating and Using Views
(continued)
• Created by a defining query

– Indicates rows and columns to include

• Use CREATE VIEW command

– CREATE VIEW, followed by name of view, AS, and

then defining query

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 Creating and Using Views
(continued)

Figure 7-1: Creating the TOYS view

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 Creating and Using Views
(continued)

Figure 7-2: TOYS view

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 Creating and Using Views
(continued)
• Data shown in Figure 7-2 does not exist in this
form

• Not a temporary table

• To query a view, merge query that created view

with query to select specific data

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 Creating and Using Views
(continued)

Figure 7-3: Maria’s view of the ITEM table

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 Creating and Using Views
(continued)

Figure 7-4: Using the TOYS view

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 Creating and Using Views
(continued)
• Actual query executed by SQL

SELECT ITEM_NUM, DESCRIPTION, ON_HAND, PRICE

FROM ITEM
WHERE CATEGORY =‘TOY’
AND PRICE > 100;

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 Creating and Using Views
(continued)
• Can assign column names in view that are
different than base table

• Include new column names in parentheses,

following the name of the view

• Output will display new column names

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 Creating and Using Views
(continued)

Figure 7-5: Renaming columns when creating a view

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 Creating and Using Views
(continued)
• Defining query of view can be any valid SQL query
• View can join two or more tables

Figure 7-7: Creating the REP_CUST view

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 Creating and Using Views
(continued)
• A view can involve statistics

Figure 7-9: Creating the CRED_CUST view

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 Creating and Using Views
(continued)
• Benefits of views
– Provide data independence
• Can often be used even after database structure changes

– Different users can view same data differently

• Customize display to meet each user’s needs

– A view can contain only those columns required by

a given user
• Simplifies user’s perception of database
• Provides a measure of security

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 Using a View to Update Data
• Benefits of views are for retrieval purposes only

• Updating data through a view is dependent on

type of view

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 Updating Row-and-Column Subset
Views
• Can update (usually) if view contains primary key
• Cannot update when primary key is not included

No primary key

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 Updating Views Involving Joins
• Can update when a view is derived by joining
two tables on primary key of each table

• Cannot update when view involves joining by

matching the primary key of one table with a
column that is not the primary key

• Encounter more severe problems if neither of

the join columns is a primary key

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Updating Views Involving Statistics
• Most difficult to update

• Cannot add rows to a view that includes

calculations

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 Dropping a View
• Remove a view that is no longer needed with
DROP VIEW command

• The DROP VIEW command removes only the

view definition

– Base table and data remain unchanged

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 Security
• Prevention of unauthorized access to a
database
– Some users may be able to retrieve and update
anything in database

– Other users may be able to retrieve data but not

change data

– Other users may be able to access only a portion of

data

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 Security (continued)
• GRANT command
– Main mechanism for providing access to
database
• Database administrator can grant different
types of privileges to users and revoke
them later
• Privileges include rights to select, insert,
update, index, and delete table data
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 Security (continued)
• Database administrator uses REVOKE
command to remove privileges from users

• Format is similar to GRANT command

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 Indexes
• Speeds up the searching of tables
• Similar to an index in a book

Figure 7-19: Index for the CUSTOMER table on the CUSTOMER_NUM column
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 Indexes (continued)

Figure 7-20: Indexes for the CUSTOMER table on the CREDIT_LIMIT and REP_NUM columns

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 Indexes (continued)
• SQL manages indexes
• User determines columns on which to
build indexes
• Disadvantages
– Index occupies disk space
– DBMS must update index as data is entered

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 Creating an Index
• Use CREATE INDEX command
– Name the index
– Identify the table
– Identify the column or columns

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 Creating an Index (continued)

Index on a single column

Figure 7-21: Creating the BALIND index on the BALANCE column

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 Creating an Index (continued)

Index on two columns

Figure 7-22: Creating the REP_NAME index on the LAST_NAME and FIRST_NAME columns

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 Dropping an Index
• Use DROP INDEX to delete an index

– DROP INDEX followed by name of index to drop

• Permanently deletes index

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 Creating Unique Indexes
• To ensure uniqueness of non-primary key data,
you can create a unique index

– Use CREATE UNIQUE INDEX command

• A unique index will reject any update that would

cause a duplicate value in the specified column

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 System Catalog
• Contains information about tables in database;
also called data dictionary
• Use SYSTABLES to list all tables in database
• Use SYSCOLUMNS to list all columns in a table
• Use SYSVIEWS to list information about views

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 System Catalog (continued)
• In Oracle, use:
– DBA_TABLES to list information about tables
– DBA_TAB_COLUMNS to list information
about columns
– DBA_VIEWS to list information about views

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 Update of the System Catalog
• DBMS updates automatically when
– Create, alter, drop tables
– Create or drop indexes
• Users should not update catalog directly

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 Integrity Constraints in SQL
• Rule for the data in the database

– Examples in TAL Distributors

• A sales rep’s number must be unique

• The sales rep number for a customer must match

an exiting sales rep number

• Categories for items must be GME, TOY, or PZL

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 Integrity Constraints in SQL
(continued)
• Integrity support is process of specifying integrity
constraints for the database
• Clauses to support integrity constraints can be
specified within a CREATE TABLE or
ALTER TABLE command
– ADD PRIMARY KEY
– ADD FOREIGN KEY

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 Integrity Constraints in SQL
(continued)
• Primary keys
– Use ADD PRIMARY KEY clause on ALTER TABLE
command to add after creating a table
• Foreign keys
– A column in one table whose value matches the
primary key in another
• Legal values
– The CHECK clause ensures only legal values are
allowed in a given column

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 Integrity Constraints in SQL
(continued)

Figure 7-24: Adding a foreign key to an existing table

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 Integrity Constraints in SQL
(continued)
• After creating a foreign key, DBMS rejects any
update that violates the foreign key constraint

– Error messages refer to parent and child

– When specifying a foreign key, table containing

foreign key is the child

– Table referenced by foreign key is parent

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 Integrity Constraints in SQL
(continued)

Figure 7-27: Adding an integrity constraint to an existing table

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 Integrity Constraints in SQL
(continued)

Figure 7-28: Update that violates the integrity constraint

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 Summary
• Views
– CREATE VIEW command
– Benefits
– Update issues
– DROP VIEW command
• Security features
– GRANT
– REVOKE
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 Summary (continued)
• Indexes
– Make data retrieval more efficient
– CREATE INDEX
– DROP INDEX
• System catalog information
– SYSTABLES, SYSCOLUMNS, SYSVIEWS
– DBA_TABLES, DBA_TAB_COLUMNS,
DBA_VIEWS
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 Summary (continued)
• Integrity constraints
– ADD PRIMARY KEY
– ADD FOREIGN KEY
– CHECK

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