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Pertemuan 5 - Mathematics Induction

The document discusses mathematical induction, which is a method of proof used for propositions about integers. It defines induction, provides examples of simple induction proofs, and explains the simple induction principle and generalized induction principle. The principles state that to prove a statement p(n) is true for all integers n greater than or equal to a starting value, one must prove the base case p(1) is true and prove that if p(n) is true, then p(n+1) is also true.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
116 views27 pages

Pertemuan 5 - Mathematics Induction

The document discusses mathematical induction, which is a method of proof used for propositions about integers. It defines induction, provides examples of simple induction proofs, and explains the simple induction principle and generalized induction principle. The principles state that to prove a statement p(n) is true for all integers n greater than or equal to a starting value, one must prove the base case p(1) is true and prove that if p(n) is true, then p(n+1) is also true.

Uploaded by

Saputra
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematics Induction

Discrete Mathematics
Objectives
 Definition of Induction
 Simple Induction Principle
 Generalized Induction Principle

2
Definition

Method of proof for the proposition about integers

Mechanical evidentiary standard in mathematics

Mathematical induction can reduce the steps of proof

3
Example1:

The number of positive integers from 1 to n is

n(n+1)/2
Proof :
Let n = 6  p(6) is “Number of positive Integer
from 1 to 6 is 6(6+1)/2” , looks that :
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 21  6(7)/2 = 21
So the proposition (statement) is True.

4
Example2:
Number n is the first positive odd numbers is n2

Proof:
Let n = 6 , (n = 1,2,3,4,5,6) then :
 n = 1  1=1  (1)2 = 1
 n = 2  1+3 = 4  (2)2 = 4
 n = 3  1+3+5 = 9  (3)2 = 9
 n = 4  1+3+5+7 = 16  (4)2 = 16
 n = 5  1+3+5+7+9 = 25  (5)2 = 25
 n = 6  1+3+5+7+9+11 = 36  (6)2 = 36
So the proposition (statement) is True.
5
Simple Induction Priciple
 Let p(n) is a statement about the positive integers.
 We want to prove that p(n) is true for all positive
integers n.

 To prove this assertion, we need only show that:


1.   p(1) is True, and
2.  If p(n) is True, then p(n + 1) is also True, for
every n  1,

6
 First Step is called the induction base, while the
second step is called the induction step.
 
 Step induction contains the assumption which states
that p(n) is true. The assumption is called the
induction hypothesis.
 
 When we have shown both of these steps properly then
we have proved that p(n) is true for all positive integers
n.

7
 Mathematical induction applies like a
domino effect.

8
9
Example3:
 Show that for n  1,
1+2+3+…+n = n(n+1)/2, through
mathematical induction.

10
Solution
 Bases
p(1) is true  n = 1, obtained from
1 = 1(1+1)/2
= 1(2)/2
= 2/2
=1
 Induction
Let p(n) is true  assuming that
1+2+3+…+n = n(n+1)/2 is also true (hypothesis).
Show that for p(n+1) is also true, that is:
1+2+3+…+n+(n+1) = (n+1)[(n+1)+1]/2

11
1+2+3+…+n+(n+1) = (1+2+3+…+n)+(n+1)
= [n(n+1)/2]+(n+1)
= [(n2+n)/2]+(n+1)
= [(n2+n)/2]+[(2n+2)/2]
= (n2+3n+2)/2
= (n+1)(n+2)/2
= (n+1)[(n+1)+1]/2
 Step (i) and (ii) is proved true, then for all positive
integers n, proved that for all n  1,
1+2+3+…+n = n(n+1)/2 is TRUE.
12
Example4:
Show that the number n the first positive
odd numbers is n2, through mathematical
Induction.

13
Solution
 Bases
p(1) is true  n = 1, obtained from
1 = (1)2

 Induction
Let p(n) is true  assuming that
1+3+5+…+(2n-1) = n2 is also true (hypothesis).

Show that for p(n+1) is also true, that is:


1+3+5+…+(2n-1)+(2n+1) = (n+ 1)2
14
Solution
1+3+5+…+(2n-1)+(2n+1)
= [1+3+5+…+(2n-1)]+(2n+1)
= n2 + (2n+1)
= n2 + 2n + 1
= (n+ 1)2

Step (i) and (ii) is proved true, then to the


number n the first positive odd numbers is n2.

15
Generalized induction principle
 Let p (n) is a statement about integers, and we
wanted to prove that p (n) is true for all
integers n  n0.

 To prove this, we need only show that:


1. p(n0) is True, and
2. If p(n) is True, then p(n+1) is also True, for
all n  n0.

16
Example5:
 For all Nonnegative integers n, proved by
mathematical induction that
20+ 21+ 22+…+ 2n= 2n+1 -1

17
Solution
 Bases
p(0) is true n = 0, obtained from :
20 = 1 = 20+1 -1
= 21 -1
=2–1
=1
 Induction
Let p(n) is true for :
20+ 21+ 22+…+ 2n= 2n+1 -1, (hypotesis).

Show that p(n+1) is also true, that is :


20+ 21+ 22+…+ 2n+ 2n+1 = 2(n+1)+1 -1

18
20+ 21+ 22+…+ 2n+ 2n+1 = (20+ 21+ 22+…+ 2n) + 2(n+1)
= 2(n+1)+1 -1 + 2n+1
= (2n+1 + 2n+1) – 1
= (2 . 2n+1) – 1
= 2n+2 – 1
= 2(n+1)+1 -1

Step (i) and (ii) is proved true, then for all negative integers n,
proved that 20+ 21+ 22+…+ 2n= 2n+1 -1.

19
Exercise
 Buktikan dengan induksi matematika
bahwa 3n < n! untuk n bilangan bulat
positif yang lebih besar dari 6

20
Application of Mathematical
Induction
function Exp(a:integer, m: integer )
{ Fungsi untuk menghitung am }
Deklarasi
k, r : integer
Algoritma:
r1
km
while (k > 0)
rr*a
kk–1
end
return r
{ Computes : r = am
Loop invariant : r x ak = am
}

Buktikan algoritma di atas benar dengan induksi matematika, yaitu


di akhir algoritma fungsi mengembalikan nilai am
Misal rn dan kn adalah nilai berturut-turut dari r dan k,
setelah melewati kalang (loop) while sebanyak n kali, n ≥
0.

Misalkan p(n) adalah proposisi: rn x akn = am , n ≥0. Akan


ditunjukkan bahwa p(n) benar dengan induksi matematika

(i) Basis:
Untuk n = 0, maka r0 = 1, k0 = m.
Maka p(0) benar sebab
r0  ak0 = am  1  am = am
(ii) Langkah Induksi
Asumsikan p(n) benar untuk n ≥ 0, yaitu setelah melewati
kalang n kali, yaitu rn x akn = am . (hipotesis)
Kita harus menunjukkan p(n+1) benar, yaitu untuk satu
tambahan iterasi kalang while, maka
rn+1 x akn+1 = am
Hal ini ditunjukkan sebagai berikut: Setelah satu tambahan
iterasi melewati kalang,
rn+1 = rn x a dan kn+1 = kn – 1 maka
rn+1 x akn+1 = (rn x a ) x akn – 1
= (rn x a ) x akn x a-1
= rn x akn = am (dari hipotesis induksi)
Jadi, rn+1 x akn+1 = am  p(n+1) benar

  Karena basis dan langkah induksi benar, maka p(n) adalah


benar untuk setiap n ≥ 0. Jadi algoritma benar.
Soal Latihan
1. Temukan rumus untuk menghitung ½ + ¼ + 1/8 + … +
½n dengan memeriksa nilai-nilai ekspresi untuk n yang
kecil, lalu gunakan induksi matematik untuk membuktikan
rumus tersebut.
2. Buktikan dengan induksi matematik bahwa n5 – n habis
dibagi 5 untuk n bilangan bulat positif.
3. Buktikan melalui induksi matematik bahwa 1(2)+2(3)+…
+n(n+1) = [n(n+1)(n+2)]/3 untuk semua n  1
4. Sebuah kios penukaran uang hanya mempunyai pecahan
uang senilai Rp 2.000,- dan Rp. 5.000,- Untuk uang
senilai berapa saja yang dapat ditukar dengan kedua
pecahan tersebut? Buktikan jawaban anda dengan
induksi matematik

25
Soal Latihan
5. Buktikan dengan induksi matematik bahwa untuk n ≥ 1
turunan f(x) = xn adalah f’(x) = nxn – 1

6. Suatu string biner panjangnya n bit. Jumlah string biner


yang mempunyai bit 1 sejumlah genap adalah 2 n–1.
Buktikan pernyataan tersebut untuk n  1.

7. Buktikan dengan induksi matematik bahwa jika A, B1,


B2, ..., Bn adalah himpunan, n  2, maka
A  (B1  B2  ...  Bn) = (A  B1)  (A  B2)  ... (A  Bn)

26
8. Temukan kesalahan dalam pembuktian berikut. Kita ingin
membuktikan bahwa an = 1 untuk semua bilangan bulat tak-
negatif n bilamana a adalah bilangan riil tidak-nol. Kita akan
membuktikan ini dengan prinsip induksi kuat.

Basis induksi. Untuk n = 0, jelas a0 = 1 adalah benar sesuai


definisi a0.

Langkah induksi. Misalkan pernyataan tersebut benar untuk 0, 1,


2, …, n, yaitu a0 = 1, a1 = 1, a2 = 1, …, an = 1. Kita ingin
memperlihatkan bahwa a(n+1) = 1. Untuk menunjukkan hal ini,
maka

n 1 a n . a n  1  1(dari hipotesis induksi)


a 
a n 1 1
=1

27

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