COLLECTION OF DATA

Data Collection Options

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The Data Collection Process
 All methods of collection require rigorous and
systematic design and execution that includes
 thorough planning
 well considered development
 effective piloting
 weighed modification
 deliberate implementation and execution
 appropriate management and analysis

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Surveys
 Surveying involves gathering information from
individuals using a questionnaire
 Surveys can
 reach a large number of respondents
 generate standardized, quantifiable, empirical data -
as well as some qualitative data
 and offer confidentiality / anonymity
 Designing survey instruments capable of
generating credible data, however, can be
difficult

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Survey Types
 Surveys can be
 descriptive or explanatory
 involve entire populations or samples of
populations
 capture a moment or map trends
 can be administered in a number of ways

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Survey Construction
 Survey construction involves
 formulating questions and response
categories
 writing up background information and
instruction
 working through organization and length
 determining layout and design

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Interviewing
 Interviewing involves asking respondents a
series of open-ended questions
 Interviews can generate both standardized
quantifiable data, and more in-depth qualitative
data
 However, the complexities of people and the
complexities of communication can create many
opportunities for miscommunication and
misinterpretation

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Interview Types
 Interviews can range from
 formal to informal
 structured to unstructured
 can be one on one or involve groups

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Conducting Interviews
 When conducting your interviews you will
need to
 question, prompt, and probe in ways that help
you gather rich data
 actively listen and make sense of what is
being said
 manage the overall process

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Observation
 Observation relies on the researchers’
ability to gather data though their senses -
and allows researchers to document
actual behaviour rather than responses
related to behaviour
 However, the observed can act differently
when surveilled, and observations can be
tainted by a researcher’s worldview

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Observation Types
 Observation can range from
 non-participant to participant
 candid to covert
 from structured to unstructured

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Secondary Data
 Secondary data means data that already
available.
 Secondary data may either be published
data or unpublished data.
 It refers to the data which have been
collected and analyzed by someone else.

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 Characteristics
 Reliability of data:
Reliability can be tested by finding out such things about
the data.
 Suitability of data:
The data are suitable for one enquiry may not
necessarily be found suitably another enquiry.
 Adequacy of data:
The level of accuracy achieved In data is found
inadequate for the purpose of present enquiry
they will be considered as inadequate and
should not be used by the researcher.

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Questionnaires
 This method of collecting data is quite
popular, particularly in case of big
enquiries.
 It is being adopted by private individuals,
research workers, private and public
organizations and even by Government.

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Merits
 There is low cost even when the universe
is large and widely spread geographically.
 It is free from the bias of the interviewer;
answers are in respondents’ own words.
 Respondents have adequate time to give
well thought of answers.

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Demerits
 It can be used only when respondents are
educated and cooperating.
 It is difficult to know whether willing
respondents are truly representative.
 The control over questionnaire may be
lost once it is sent.

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Experimentation
 Experimentation explores cause and effect relationships
by manipulating independent variables in order to see if
there is a corresponding effect on a dependent variable
 Pure experimentation requires both a controlled
environment and the use of a randomly assigned control
group
 This can be difficult to achieve in human centred
experiments conducted in the real-world

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 Thank You
Presented by:
Name Roll No.
 Swapnil Changle 04
 Wavell Fernandes 12
 Pravin Ghadigaonkar 15
 Ravikiran Kambali 17
 Prathamesh Patankar 37
 Satyajit Pawar 43
 Sharad Pawar 44

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