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Chapter 12-Full (1) 5757

This chapter discusses kinematics concepts like position, displacement, velocity and acceleration. It covers 1) rectilinear motion with continuous and erratic motion, 2) projectile motion, 3) curvilinear motion using rectangular, normal/tangential and cylindrical components, 4) absolute dependent motion of two particles using geometry, and 5) relative motion of two particles using translating axes. Examples and problems demonstrate calculating kinematic quantities for various particle motion scenarios.

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101 views59 pages

Chapter 12-Full (1) 5757

This chapter discusses kinematics concepts like position, displacement, velocity and acceleration. It covers 1) rectilinear motion with continuous and erratic motion, 2) projectile motion, 3) curvilinear motion using rectangular, normal/tangential and cylindrical components, 4) absolute dependent motion of two particles using geometry, and 5) relative motion of two particles using translating axes. Examples and problems demonstrate calculating kinematic quantities for various particle motion scenarios.

Uploaded by

Zoker_45
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 12

Kinematics of a Particle

Dynamics (GE202)
Mechanical Engineering Department
Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Instructor: Fahamsyah H. Latief
Contents
• Objectives of this chapter.
• Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion.
• Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion.
• Motion of a Projectile
• Curvilinear Motion:
1. Rectangular Components
2. Normal and Tangential Components
3. Cylindrical Components
• Absolute Dependent Motion Analysis of Two Particles.
• Relative Motion of Two Particles Using Translating Axes.
Objectives of Chapter 12
• To introduce the concepts of position, displacement, velocity
and acceleration.
• To study particle motion along a straight line and represent
this motion graphically.
• To investigate particle motion along a curved path using
different coordinate system.
• To represent an analysis of dependent motion of two
particles.
• To examine the principles of relative motion of two particles
using translating axes.
Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion
• The kinematic of a particle is characterized by specifying:
 Position
 Displacement
 Velocity
 Acceleration

1. Position: The magnitude of s is the distance from O to the particle,


usually measured in meters (m), and the sense of direction is defined by
the algebraic sign on s.

2. Displacement: the change in its position.

S = S’ - S
3. Velocity: If particle moves through a displacement s during the time
interval t, the average velocity of the particle during this time interval is

Vavg = s/t

 If we take smaller and smaller values of t, the magnitude of s becomes


smaller and smaller. Consequently, the instantaneous velocity is defined
as:

4. Acceleration: is the rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to


time. The average acceleration of the particle during the time interval t is
defined as:
• The instantaneous acceleration at time t is a vector that is found by
taking smaller and smaller values of t and corresponding smaller and
smaller values of v, so:

or

• An important differential relation involving the displacement, velocity and


acceleration along the path may be obtained by eliminating the time
differential dt :
Example 12.1
Example 12.2
Example 12.4
Problem 12-18
Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion
• When a particle has erratic or changing motion then its
position, velocity and acceleration cannot be described by a
single continuous mathematical function along the entire
path.
1. How to construct s-t, v-t and a-t graphs ?
• To construct the v-t graph given the s-t graph.
• The a-t graph can be constructed from the v-t graph in a similar manner.

• If the a-t graph is given, the v-t graph may be constructed using:
• If the v-t graph is given, it is possible to determine s-t graph using:
2. How to construct v-s and a-s graphs ?
• If the a-s graph can be constructed, than points on v-s graph can be
determined by using:

• If the v-s graph is known, the acceleration a at any position s can be


determined using:
Example 12.6
Example 12.8
Problem 12-14
Problem 12-65
Motion of a Projectile
• The free-flight motion of a projectile is often studied in terms of its rectangular
motion
Example 12.11
Example 12.13
Problem 12-101
Problem 12-108
Curvilinear Motion
• Curvilinear motion occurs when a particle travels along a
curved path.

• Generally, curvilinear motion can be divided into three


types:
1. Rectangular components
2. Normal and tangential components
3. Cylindrical components
Rectangular Components
• The motion of a particle along a path that is expressed
as x, y, z coordinates.
Example 12.9
Normal & Tangential Components
• The motion of a particle along a path that is expressed
using normal (n) & tangential (t) coordinates.

Velocity
Acceleration
Example 12.14
Example 12.16
Problem 12-124
Cylindrical Components
• The motion of a particle along a path that is expressed
using polar coordinates. Then velocity and acceleration
can be related to the time derivatives of r and .

Velocity

Acceleration
Example 12.18
Example 12.20
Problem 12-171
Absolute Dependent Motion of Two Particles
• The dependent motion of blocks that are suspended from pulleys
and cables can be related by the geometry of the system.
• This is done by first establishing position coordinates, measured
from a fixed origin to each block. Each coordinate must be
directed along the line of motion of a block.
Using geometry, the coordinates are then
related related to the cable length in order to
formulate a position coordinate equation:

• First and second derivative of position


• coordinate equation can be applied to
measure measure velocity and acceleration:
Example 12.21
Example 12.23
Problem 12-201
Problem 12-217
Relative Motion of Two Particles Using Translating Axes
• If two particles A and B undergo independent motion, then this motion can be
related to their relative motion using a translating set of axes attached to one
of the particles (A).

rB = rA + rB/A
VB = VA + VB/A
aB = aA + aB/A
Example 12.25
Example 12.25
Problem 12-228

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