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Posterior Segment Examination

The posterior segment of the eye includes the vitreous chamber, retina, and posterior sclera. The retina contains rods and cones that capture light and transmit visual information to the brain via the optic nerve. During an exam, an ophthalmoscope is used to inspect the internal structures including the retina, optic disc, macula, and blood vessels of the choroid layer. Common posterior segment structures like the vitreous, retina, macula and optic nerve were then described in more detail.

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1K views17 pages

Posterior Segment Examination

The posterior segment of the eye includes the vitreous chamber, retina, and posterior sclera. The retina contains rods and cones that capture light and transmit visual information to the brain via the optic nerve. During an exam, an ophthalmoscope is used to inspect the internal structures including the retina, optic disc, macula, and blood vessels of the choroid layer. Common posterior segment structures like the vitreous, retina, macula and optic nerve were then described in more detail.

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Bakingpancakes
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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POSTERIOR SEGMENT

EXAMINATION
dr. Ni Made Ari Suryathi, M.Biomed, SpM
• Everything behind the lens of the eye is called
the posterior segment
 vitreous chamber
 Retinal layers, posterior sclera
 uvea
• The vitreous body is a jellylike
substance that fills the interior
of the eyeball behind the lens.

• The retina (along with the


optic nerve) is essentially
brain tissue—a nerve cell that
transmits vision to the brain.

• When light lands on the retina,


the message of vision is sent to
the brain by the optic nerve
Inspecting the ocular fundus
• Using an ophthalmoscope to inspect the internal
surface of the retina, anterior chamber, lens and
vitreous.
• Darken the room to dilate the pupils
• Remove eye glasses, contacts may stay in
• Ask person to stare at distant object
• Hold ophthalmoscope close to your eye and
move within a few inches of the person’s face
• A red glow filling the
pupil is called the red
reflex and is caused by
light reflecting off the
retina

▫ At Cataract  appear as
opaque black areas
against the red reflex
VITREOUS
 jelly-like material that fills the inside of the eye.
consists most of water, proteins, and collagen.
Over time, these components break down and
become sticky and form “clumps” in the jelly.
As you move your eye, these clumps get shaken up
and float around and many people see the shadows
of these clumps floating through their vision.
Commonly known as floater  quite common and
normally not a sign of any underlying problem
unless significant new floaters are noted.
SCLERA

• Commonly known as the “white” of the eye


• A strong fibrous structure that covers most of
the eyeball
• Gives the eye is structural strength
• Protects the intra-ocular structures.
CHOROID
 A very thin membrane made up of blood vessels
and sandwiched between the white of the eye
(the sclera) and the retina.
Consists mostly of blood vessels that nourish the
outer part of the retina.
The abnormal growth of vessels from this
structure up into the retina accounts for the
“wet” form of macular degeneration
RETINA
Thin multi-layered tissue lines
the inside of the eye and actually
captures the light that enters the
eye and transmits that
information to the brain.

The retina has two types of light


sensing cells: rods and cones.
• The rod cells are more abundant in the
peripheral parts of the retina and are important
for sensing light and dark changes as well as
shapes and movement.

 The cones cells, by contrast, are heavily


concentrated in the central retina, especially the 
macula, and sense colors as well as fine detail
vision.
MACULA
• Cones are densely packed.

• The most sensitive part of the retina and is the


only place out of which your eye can see perfect,
20/20 vision.
OPTIC NERVE
• The optic nerve takes all the
visual information collected
by the retina photoreceptors
 transmits that image back
to the brain for processing 
perception.

• Since the area only has nerve


fibers and no photoreceptors
(cones and rods)  blind spot
• The place where the optic
nerve leaves the eye  optic
disk and is the weakest part
of the whole globe.

• Therefore, even though high


eye pressure results from
improper regulation of fluid
at the front eye, it is the optic
nerve at the back of the eye
that gets damaged by
increased eye pressure and 
glaucoma.

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