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Wind Energy: Mukul M. Sharma

This document discusses wind energy and wind power. It provides information on wind power classes based on wind speed and power density. A map of the USA shows existing and planned wind energy projects by state. Charts show growing installed wind power capacity in the US from 1981-2002. The document also discusses wind turbine power calculations and the benefits and limitations of wind power, including its environmental benefits and costs. It considers the future potential of wind energy with technology improvements and policy support.

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74 views21 pages

Wind Energy: Mukul M. Sharma

This document discusses wind energy and wind power. It provides information on wind power classes based on wind speed and power density. A map of the USA shows existing and planned wind energy projects by state. Charts show growing installed wind power capacity in the US from 1981-2002. The document also discusses wind turbine power calculations and the benefits and limitations of wind power, including its environmental benefits and costs. It considers the future potential of wind energy with technology improvements and policy support.

Uploaded by

ABCD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Wind Energy

Mukul M. Sharma
U.S. Use of
Renewable
Energy

Source: Annual Energy Review 1999, U.S. Energy Information Administration.


Power Class Wind Speed
Power (m/s)
(W/m2)
       1 <200 <5.6
2 200- 5.6-
300 6.4
3 300- 6.4-
400 7.0
4 400- 7.0-

Wind Power Map of


500 7.5
5 500- 7.5-
600 8.0
6 600-
800
8.0-
8.8 the USA
7 >800 >8.8
Wind Energy Projects
Throughout the United States of America

Click on the shaded states to access information on existing


and planned wind energy projects. Installed MW for each state in black.
Updated:

                                                                                                                             

TOTAL INSTALLED WIND ENERGY CAPACITY:


4,685 MW as of Jan 21, 2003
U.S. Installed Capacity (Megawatts) 1981-2002
Year MW  

1981 10
1982 70  
1983 240      
1984 597              
1985 1,039                         
1986 1,222                             
1987 1,356                                
1988 1,396                                 
1989 1,403                                 
1990 1,525                                    
1991 1,575                                     
1992 1,584                                     
1993 1,617                                      
1994 1,656                                       
1995 1,697                                        
1996 1,698                                        
1997 1,706                                        
1998 1,848                                           
1999 2,511                                                           
2000 2,578                                                            
2001 4,275
2002 *4,685
                                                                                                   
                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                          
         
                           
Wind Turbine Power:

P = 0.5 x rho x A x Cp x V3 x Ng x Nb

P = power in watts (746 watts = 1 hp)


rho = air density (about 1.225 kg/m3 at sea level, less higher
up)
A = rotor swept area, exposed to the wind (m2)
Cp = Coefficient of performance (.59 {Betz limit} is the
maximum theoretically possible, .35 for a good design)
V = wind speed in meters/sec (20 mph = 9 m/s)
Ng = generator efficiency (50% for car alternator, 80% or
possibly more for a permanent magnet generator or grid-
connected induction generator)
Nb = gearbox/bearings efficiency (depends, could be as high
as 95% if good)
Classes of Wind Power Density at 10 m and 50 m(a)

.         10 m (33 ft)         50 m (164 ft)

                                                                                                                                                     
Wind Wind Speed(b) Wind Speed(b)
Power                                                                                                            
Power m/s (mph) Power m/s (mph)
Class Density Density
(W/m2) (W/m2)

1 <100 <4.4 (9.8) <200 <5.6 (12.5)

2 100 - 150 4.4 (9.8)/5.1 (11.5) 200 - 300 5.6 (12.5)/6.4 (14.3)

3 150 - 200 5.1 (11.5)/5.6 (12.5) 300 - 400 6.4 (14.3)/7.0 (15.7)

4 200 - 250 5.6 (12.5)/6.0 (13.4) 400 - 500 7.0 (15.7)/7.5 (16.8)

5 250 - 300 6.0 (13.4)/6.4 (14.3) 500 - 600 7.5 (16.8)/8.0 (17.9)

6 300 - 400 6.4 (14.3)/7.0 (15.7) 600 - 800 8.0 (17.9)/8.8 (19.7)

7 >400 >7.0 (15.7) >800 >8.8 (19.7)


• Environmental benefits
• No emissions
• No fuel needed
• Distributed power
• Remote locations
Limitations of Wind Power
 Power density is very low.
 Needs a very large number of wind mills to
produce modest amounts of power.
 Cost.
 Environmental costs.
 material and maintenance costs.
 Noise, birds and appearance.
 Cannot meet large scale and transportation
energy needs.
Wind Turbine
Noise Levels
The Future of Wind Energy
 Future of wind energy can be bright if
government policies subsidize and
encourage its use.
 Technology improvements unlikely to
have a major impact.
 Can become cost competitive for
electricity generation if fossil energy
costs skyrocket.

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