Work

• Suppose you attempt to lift a heavy crate off the floor. If you pull only gently then
the crate does not move because the downward pull of gravity is stronger than
your upward pulling force.
 Work
• Suppose you attempt to lift a heavy crate off the floor. If you pull only gently then
the crate does not move because the downward pull of gravity is stronger than
your upward pulling force.
• If, however, you pull more strongly, the crate can be lifted from the floor and
because it has moved, work will have been done against the resisting pull of
gravity.
 Work
• Suppose you attempt to lift a heavy crate off the floor. If you pull only gently then
the crate does not move because the downward pull of gravity is stronger than
your upward pulling force.
• If, however, you pull more strongly, the crate can be lifted from the floor and
because it has moved, work will have been done against the resisting pull of
gravity.
• Similarly, if you attempt to move a railway truck along a track the resistance
caused by friction, air, etc., called the tractive resistance, has to be overcome
before work is done.
 Work
• Suppose you attempt to lift a heavy crate off the floor. If you pull only gently then
the crate does not move because the downward pull of gravity is stronger than
your upward pulling force.
• If, however, you pull more strongly, the crate can be lifted from the floor and
because it has moved, work will have been done against the resisting pull of
gravity.
• Similarly, if you attempt to move a railway truck along a track the resistance
caused by friction, air, etc., called the tractive resistance, has to be overcome
before work is done.
• If there is no resistance or no movement then there can be no work done.
 Work
• Suppose
  you attempt to lift a heavy crate off the floor. If you pull only gently then
the crate does not move because the downward pull of gravity is stronger than
your upward pulling force.
• If, however, you pull more strongly, the crate can be lifted from the floor and
because it has moved, work will have been done against the resisting pull of
gravity.
• Similarly, if you attempt to move a railway truck along a track the resistance
caused by friction, air, etc., called the tractive resistance, has to be overcome
before work is done.
• If there is no resistance or no movement then there can be no work done.
• The amount of work done in moving an object is determined by multiplying
together the moving force and the distance its point of application moves in the
direction in which the force is acting.
 SI Unit of Work
When the force is expressed in Newtons (N) and the distance moved is
measured in meters (m), the unit of work is the Joule (J).
 1st Internal Test
1st Test Remarks
Date 5 OCTOBER, 2019 (Saturday)
Time 11 AM TO 12:30 PM
Venue RITSON CAMPUS - Exam venue
Syllabus Coplanar forces (Resultant/Equil),
Moments,
Centre of gravity.
 Example
Determine the work done in each of the following cases:
a) Raising 200 litres of water, contained in a tank of mass 290kg,
through a vertical height of 6m.
b) Pushing a train, weighing 400kN, along a level track for a distance of
50m if the tractive resistance is 70N per kilonewton of its weight.
 Solution
• 

6m
4806.9 N
Pushing a train, weighing 400kN, along a level track for a distance of 50m if the
tractive resistance is 70N per kilonewton of its weight.
•b) 

50m

28000N
Pushing a train, weighing 400kN, along a level track for a distance of 50m if the
tractive resistance is 70N per kilonewton of its weight.
•b) 

50m

28000N
Slopes and Gradients
 Slopes and Gradients
• 
1
Ɵ
50

The incline above has a slope or gradient given by:

 Slopes and Gradients
• 
1
Ɵ
50

The incline above has a slope or gradient given by:

However, for small values of Ɵ, it makes very little difference if we take a slope of 1
to 50 to be shown below.

50
1
Ɵ
Work Done on an Incline
 Work Done on an Incline N
f
•When
  a vehicle is on an inclined
plane the effect of gravity parallel 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 Wsinθ
 𝑊𝑠
to the plane is given by the  𝜃
θ
component . θ
Wcosθ
W W
 Work Done on an Incline N
f
•When
  a vehicle is on an inclined
plane the effect of gravity parallel 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 Wsinθ
 𝑊𝑠
to the plane is given by the  𝜃
θ
component . θ
Wcosθ
W W

For movement up the incline the

force to be applied (P) must
overcome not only the gravity T
component () but also the tractive
resistance (T).
 EXAMPLE
A truck has a mass of 5 tonnes. Its tractive resistance is 65 N/t. How much work is
done in moving the truck for 0.25km up a slope of 1 in 100?
250m
P
𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛
  𝜃
T
1in100
 EXAMPLE
•  truck has a mass of 5 tonnes. Its tractive resistance is 65 N/t. How much work is
A
done in moving the truck for 0.25km up a slope of 1 in 100?
250m
P
𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛
  𝜃
T
1in100
Solution:
+T
+ (65 x 5)N
 Work done by a Torque
Torque
The torque is similar to moment of force, however, it is defined when the force induces
turning effect or rotational effect.
It is similar to the force that is measured in linear motion, however, torque is analogue to
force in rational motion.
Torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force.
Unit of torque is N.m
 Work done by a Torque
Torque
The torque is similar to moment of force, however, it is defined when the force induces
turning effect or rotational effect.
It is similar to the force that is measured in linear motion, however, torque is analogue to
force in rational motion.
Torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force.
Unit of torque is N.m

Torque = force x radius

 Work done by a Torque
Torque
The torque is similar to moment of force, however, it is defined when the force induces
turning effect or rotational effect.
It is similar to the force that is measured in linear motion, however, torque is analogue to
force in rational motion.
Torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force.
Unit of torque is N.m 30 rpm
m
m
0
Torque = force x radius 70
Ø

Example
= (1360 x 9.81)N x 0,35 m
= 4669,56N.m, say approx. ~ 4,67 kN.m 1360 kg
 Work done by a Torque
The diagram shows a wheel, radius R meters, with a light cord wrapped around
wheel. A mass, m kg, tied to the other end of the cord rests on the ground. Now, if
the wheel is to be turned through one complete revolution the mass will be raised
through a height equal to the length of cord wound round the rim of the wheel.

H
m
 Work done by Torque
•  H= circumference of wheel

But
Hence
 Example
A torque of 105 N.m is required to rotate a pulley. Determine the work
done in giving the pulley 200 revolutions.
 Example
•A  torque of 105 N.m is required to rotate a pulley. Determine the work
done in giving the pulley 200 revolutions.

Solution:
/
 1st Internal Test
1st Test Remarks
Date 5 OCTOBER, 2019 (Saturday)
Time 11 AM TO 12:30 PM
Venue RITSON CAMPUS - Exam venue
Syllabus Coplanar forces (Resultant/Equil),
Moments,
Centre of gravity.
Work Diagrams
 Work Diagrams
Since work done is given by the product of two ‘things’ (force x distance) it can be
represented by the area of a diagram as shown.
 Work Diagrams
Since work done is given by the product of two ‘things’ (force x distance) it can be
represented by the area of a diagram as shown.
N

3
FORCE

2
Area=WORK
1
m
0 1 2 3 4
DISTANCE
 Work Diagrams
Since work done is given by the product of two ‘things’ (force x distance) it can be
represented by the area of a diagram as shown.
N

3
FORCE

2
Area=WORK
1
m
0 1 2 3 4
DISTANCE

Thus, a force of 3N applied for a distance of 4m does (3 x 4) = 12J of work.

Notice that the area of the force-distance diagram is 12 units.
In the foregoing example the force did not

vary but remained constant at 3N. If now, a

50m long chain, weighing 9N per metre of its

9N/m
length, is hauled up a shaft, the force to be

applied in the beginning is (50 x 9) = 450N but

decreases uniformly as more and more chain

W=450N

is wound up until finally no force has to be

applied. The work diagram in such case will

be a triangle as shown.
 450N
In the foregoing example the force did not
0

vary but remained constant at 3N. If now, a

50m long chain, weighing 9N per metre of its

9N/m

WORK=AREA
length, is hauled up a shaft, the force to be

applied in the beginning is (50 x 9) = 450N but

50m
decreases uniformly as more and more chain
W=450N
 
is wound up until finally no force has to be

applied. The work diagram in such case will

be a triangle as shown.
Example
A coil spring which compresses 1mm for every 14N applied to it has a free
length of 125mm. Determine the work done in compressing the spring from a
length of 100mm to a length of 50mm.
Example
A coil spring which compresses 1mm for every 14N applied to it has a free
length of 125mm. Determine the work done in compressing the spring from a
length of 100mm to a length of 50mm.
N

Solution

FORCE
1050

350
WORK
mm
0 25 75
125 100 50
COMP. LENGTH
Example
A coil spring which compresses 1mm for every 14N applied to it has a free
length of 125mm. Determine the work done in compressing the spring from a
length of 100mm to a length of 50mm.
N

Solution

FORCE
1050

350
WORK
mm
0 25 75
125 100 50
COMP. LENGTH