A Research work on Fixed Point Theory

Presented by
Anil Chandra Jha(C), Bishnu Prasad Chapagain, Ratnesh Lal Karn,
Surendra Ray, Krishna Raj Pandey, Surya Chapagain, Tark Raj Bhatt

Capacity Building Workshop for Mathematics Faculties

(CBWMF – 2021)
Organized by
Nepal Mathematical Society
January 8 – 11 & 14 – 17, 2021.

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• 

Fixed Point Theory

Background
• In the 19th century, the study of fixed point theory was initiated by Poincare and
in 20th century developed by many mathematicians like Brouwer, Schauder,
Kakutani, Banach, Kannan and others.
• If T: B B is continuous then T has fixed point on B. Most of them are topological
in nature.
• A fixed point theorem is a result saying that a function F will have at least one
fixed point ( a point x for which F(x) = x) under some conditions on F that can be
stated in general terms [10].

2
• Out of the most dynamic area of research of the last 50 years, fixed point theory
plays a fundamental role in several theoretical and applied areas, such as non
linear analysis, integral and differential equations and inclusions, dynamic systems
theory, mathematics of fractals, mathematical and economic game theory,
equilibrium problems, optimization problem and mathematical modeling.

• This mathematic series will present relevant works related to the theory of fixed
points and its various applications to pure applied and computational
mathematics.

3
• The Banach fixed point theorem gives a general criterion guaranteeing that, if
it is satisfied the procedure of iterating a function yields a fixed point.[4]

• By contrast, the Brouwer fixed point theorem is a non- constructive result. It

says that any continuous function from the closed unit ball in n- dimensional
Euclidean space to itself must have a fixed point,[12] but it doesn’t describe
how to find the fixed point.

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•Fixed
  – point theorem in infinite dimensional spaces:
• In mathematics, a number of fixed point theorems in infinite
dimensional spaces, generalize the Brouwer fixed -point theorem. They
have applications, for example to the proof of existence theorems for
partial differential equation.

• The first result in the field was the Schauder fixed-point theorem
proved in 1930 by Julius Z Schauder.

• Let C be a non- empty closed convex subset of a Banach space V.

If f : C C is continuous with a compact image, then f has a fixed
point. 5
•  Topological degree theory
• In mathematics, topological degree theory is a generalization of the winding
number of a curved in the complex plane.

• It can be used to estimate the number of solutions of an equation, and is closed

connected to fixed – point theory. When one solution of an equation is easily
found, degree theory can often be used to prove existence of a second, non trivial
solution.

• There are different types of degree for different types of maps. For example, maps
between Banach spaces, there is the Brouwer degree in the Leray – Schauder
degree for compact mapping in normed spaces, the coincidence degree and
various other types.
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 Fixed point theory in Metric Space

• In 2014, Asadi, et.al introduced the notion of an M- metric space which is the
generalization of a patrial metric space and establish Banach and Kannan fixed
point theorems in M- metric space.

• We establish two general theorems for equivalence between the Meir- keeler type
contractive conditions and the contractive definitions involving gauge functions.
One of these theorems is an extension of a recent result of lim.

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•  we establish the following new fixed point theorem.
Suppose : is a contractive gauge function in the sense that for any 0 , there
exists () such that implies and suppose T is a continuous and
asymptotically regular self -mapping on a complete metric space (X, d)
satisfying the following:

• i) d( ((D(x, y)) for all x, y X, and

• (ii) d( D(x, y) for all x, y X with x y,
where D(x, y) = d(x, y) + [d(x, ) + d(y, )] with 0
then T has a unique fixed point x all of the Picard iterator of T
converge to this fixed point.

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•  Discrete fixed point Theory
• In discrete mathematics, a discrete fixed – point is a fixed point for function
defined on finite sets, typically subsets of the integers grid

• Discrete fixed – point theorems were developed by Limura [11], Murota and
Pamurachen and Deng and others.

• Discrete fixed – point theorems have been used to prove the existence of a Nash
equilibrium in a discrete game and the existence of a Walrasian equilibrium in a
discrete market.

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 Problems and
Methods

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A research problem of fixed point
theory on metric space
Topic:
A generalization of fixed point
theory in M-metric space.
Introduction of Problem:
• The theory of fixed point was originated at the end of 19th century to establish the
existence and uniqueness of solutions particularly to differential equations using
the successive approximations.

• This method is associated with many celebrated mathematicians, like Cauchy,

Fredholm, Liouville, Lipchitz, Peano and Picard.

• Banach is credited as the starting point to metric fixed point theory. But the theory
didn’t gain enough impetus till Felix Browuer’s major contribution to the
development of the non-linear functional analysis as an active and vital branch of
mathematics.

• In 1912, Brouwer’s prove the following fixed point theorem, which is called
Brouwer’s fixed point theorem. 12
• Brouwer’s Theorem :
Every continuous mapping from unit ball in n into itself has a fixed point.
• Some authors, Schauder, Tychonoff, Subrahmanyam and many others have
improved and generalized this theorem in several ways. In fact, in 1930 Schauder
prove fixed point theorem which is an extension of Brouwer’s fixed point theorem
to topological vector spaces, which states that:
• Schauder fixed point theorem :
Let C be a non-empty compact convex subset of a normed linear space X.
Then every continuous mapping from C into itself has a fixed point.
• Schauder fixed point theorem was generalized to locally convex topological
vector space by Tychonoff, and this generalization is known as Schauder-
Tychonoff theorem.

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• 
• Schauder-Tychonoff fixed point theorem:
Let T be compact and continuous mapping from a normed linear space X into
itself and T(X) is bounded. Then T has a fixed point.
• we introduce various results on metric fixed point theory and its applications. In
1890, Picard prove the following theorem to show the existence of solutions for non-
linear equations.
• Picard Convergence Theorem:
Let T : [a,b] → ℛ be a continuous function and T :(a, b) →ℛ be differentiable. If
there exist L < 1 such that,
|T’ (x)| ≤ L for all x ∈(a, b),
then the sequence () in (a,b) defined by,
= T (Picard iterative sequence)
for all non-negative integer n converges to a solution
of the equation Tx = x. 14
•  In 1922, Banach: proved a theorem which is well known as Banach’s fixed point
theorem to establish the existence of solution for integral equations.
• Banach’s fixed point theorem:
Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and T : X → X be a contractive mapping,
that is, there exist α ∈ [0,1) such that,
d(Tx, Ty) ≤ αd(x, y) for all x, y ∈ X.
Then T has a unique fixed point x ∈ X. Furthermore, for each ∈ X, the
sequence () defined by,
=T
for all non-negative integer n converges to the fixed point x of T.
• In 1994, Matthews extended the concept of a metric to partial metric and
introduced the notion of partial metric space.

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•  In 1972, Chatterjea[9] introduced the contractive condition called Chatterjea
contractive condition (CHC) and prove the following fixed point theorem:

Chatterjea’s fixed point theorem[9]:

Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and T : X → X be mapping such that
there exist a number such that
d(Tx, Ty) ≤ h[d(x, Ty) + d(y, Tx)]
for all x, y ∈ X. Then T has a unique fixed point in X. Furthermore,
for each ∈ X, the sequence () is defined by
=T
for all non-negative integer n converges to the fixed point x of T.

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• Based on the result of Maththews, in 2014, [5] introduced the concept of an M-
metric space which is a generalization of a partial metric space.

• They studied topological properties in such spaces and established some fixed
point results in M-metric spaces, which are generalizations of Banach’s and
Kannan’s fixed point theorems in the framework of partial metric space as
follows:

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• Theorem[5]:
 
Let (X, m) be a complete M− metric space and let T : X → X be a mapping satisfying the
following condition:
∃k ∈ [0,1) such that m(Tx, Ty) ≤ km(x, y) for all x, y ∈ X. Then T has a unique fixed in X.
Furthermore, for each ∈ X, the sequence () defined by
=T
for all non-negative integer n converges to the fixed point x of T.

• Theorem [5]:
Let (X, m) be a complete M-metric space and let T : X → X be a mapping satisfying the
following condition :
∃ x𝜖 [0, ) :m(Tx, Ty) ≤ k [m(x, Tx) +m(y, Ty)]
for all x, y ∈ X. Then T has an unique fixed point in X.
Moreover, for each ∈ X, the sequence () defined by
=T
for all non-negative integer n converges to the fixed point x of T. 18
•  Existence and uniqueness of fixed point for Chatterjea contraction mapping in the
framework of M-metric space was unsolved and uncertain at their study. As a
consequence, they posed the following open problem:

• Problem[9]: Let (X, m) be a complete M-metric space and let T : X → X be a

mapping satisfying the following condition:
∃ x𝜖 [0, ) :m(Tx, Ty) ≤ k [m(x, Ty) +m(Tx, y)]
for all x, y ∈ X. Does T have a unique fixed point?

• [6] gave the partial answer to the Problem [5], these were as follows:

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•  Theorem [6]:
Let (X, m) be a complete M-metric space and let T : X → X be a mapping
satisfying the following conditions :
∃ x𝜖 [0, ) :m(Tx, Ty) ≤ k [m(x, Ty) +m(Tx, y)] ………. (a)
for all x,y ∈ X. If there is ∈ X such that
m(, ) ≤ m(, ) ……………………… (b)
for all n ∈ℕ , then T has a unique fixed point. Moreover, if the Picard sequence
(xn) in X which is defined by = T for all n ∈ ℕ such that is an initial point in the
condition (a) then () converges to a fixed point of T.
• Can this problem be solved without the condition (b)? This is an open problem
given by [6] . Our main research problem is to solve this open problem.

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• Methods
Based on analytical and numerical approach the solution of research problem
will be obtained.

→ Iterative sequence will be constructed for numerical approach.

→ Theorems, lemmas and propositions will be analyzed for the

analytical approach.

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 A Problem on Discrete fixed Point Theory
• We find fixed points for the functions defined on finite sets, typically the
subsets of the grid Zn [10]

• Since the condition of continuity is not meaningful for the functions on

discrete space, it is replaced by the condition of direction preserving which
implies that the function doesn't change too drastically when moving between
neighboring points of the integer grid.

• The theorems on discrete fixed points were develop by Limura, Murota and
Tamura and Deng and others.
 Requirements in Discrete Fixed Point Theory
• Continuous fixed point theorems require a convex set, while the discrete fixed
point theorems require integrally- convex set.

• Convex hull/Convex envelop/Convex closure of a space is the smallest convex set

that contains it.

• Integrally Convex Set(ICS): A subset X of Zn is called ICS if every point y in the

convex hull(CH) of X can be expressed as the convex combination of the points
of X that are ‘near’ y(i.e., the distance between each two coordinates is less than
1). In other words, y in CH(X) is also in CH(X ∩ near(y)).

23
 Illustrative Examples on IC Sets
• Consider a subset X of Z2 be X={(0,0),(1,0),(2,0),(2,1)}. Clearly CH(X) contains
the point y=(1.2,0.5). Here, near(y)={(1,0),(2,0),(1,1),(2,1)}. So,X int near(y)
={(1,0),(2,0),(2,1)}.Since y is not in the hull of this intersection, X is not
Integrally convex.

• The set Y={(0,0),(1,0),(2,0),(2,1),(1,1)}is Integrally convex .

• The important property/characteristics that an IC set X possesses is that there

exists a triangulation of CH(X) that must be integral.

• Consider a set X={0,1,2,3,… … …9}. Define a function f: X × X→ X×X by

f(x,y)=(abs.(x1-x2), abs.(y1-y2)). Is it true that f has a fixed point.
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 A research problem in Topological Fixed Point Theory
• The theory of variational inequalities was initiated to study equilibrium problems
in contact mechanics. Fichera’s treatment of the existence and uniqueness for the
Signorini problem in 1962 – 1963 is viewed as the birth of the theory.

• In that problem, at equilibrium, contact points between an elastic body and a rigid
surface must satisfy the equilibrium equations in addition to a set of boundary
conditions expressed as equalities (on the free boundary of the elastic body)
together with inequalities involving displacement and tension along tangent and
normal directions to the contact boundary of the body.
25
•  The analysis of the problem by both Signorini and Fichera were based on a crucial
variational argument, namely that the solution of the equilibrium problem ought to
be the displacement configuration uˆ minimizing the total elastic potential energy
functional I(u) amongst admissible displacements u.

• Naturally, such a minimizer must solve the variational inequality I ≥ 0 for all
admissible directions

• The directional variation I takes on the form of superposition a(u, v) – F(v) of a

bilinear form and a linear functional defined on admissible displacements in an
appropriate Hilbert space ( namely a Sobolev space .

26
••  The functional analytic framework for the use of variational inequalities as a
tool for solving boundary values problems owes much to the pioneering
work of Stampacchia.

• The celebrated existence and uniqueness theorem of Stampacchia (1964)

remains a corner stone of the theory in normed spaces of any dimension [7].

• It intimately links a variational inequalities to the minimization of energy

functional and states as follows:
Given a closed convex subset X of a reflexive ( real for simplicity) Banach
space E and a continuous corrective bilinear form a (.,.) on E E, then
p , ! X , a ( ,v - ) – p (v - ) 0, v X………………..(1)
27
•  If in addition a(·,·) is symmetric, then uˆ is characterized by I(uˆ) = min v ∈ X
I(v), where
I(v) = a(v, v) – p(v).
• For the Signorini problem, the variational inequality (1) corresponds to the Euler-
Lagrange necessary condition expressing stationarity in the Hamilton principle for
the minimization of the energy I(v).
• Fixed point arguments are at the heart of (1) in more than one respect. On one
hand, it can be derived from the Banach contraction principle

• Indeed, the bilinear continuous and bilinear form a(·,·) defines an inner product
whose norm = a is equivalent to the original norm on E.

28
••  By the Riesz-Fréchet representation theorem, we may write p(v – uˆ) = a(p,
v – uˆ) with p ∈ E and view (1) as ∀p ∈ E, ∃!uˆ ∈ X, a(λp – λuˆ + uˆ –
uˆ, v – uˆ) ≤ 0, ∀v ∈ X for any given scalar λ > 0.
• This formulation is equivalent to a fixed point problem uˆ = (λp + (1 – λ)I)
(uˆ) for the orthogonal projection onto X.
The operator T(v) = (λp + (1 – λ)v) is a contraction
whenever the scalar λ is chosen so that 0 < λ < 2α/C.
• The Banach contraction principle applies to yield the solution’s existence
and uniqueness.
• This point of view highlights the intimate relationship between variational
inequalities and minimization problems.

29
•  The problem is to study variational inequalities in the presence of non-convexity
by adopting an alternate fixed point approach namely Brouwer theorem or some
of its topological generalization.
• The first approach uses the Browder-Ky Fan fixed point theorem (which is
equivalent to the Knaster-Kuratowski-Mazurkiewicz-Ky Fan principle) much as in
[2] and relies heavily on convexity.

• Here, the point-to-set map : X ⇒ X, (u) : = {v : a(u, v–u)–p(v–u) < 0} turns out
to be a so-called Ky Fan map without fixed points on a bounded closed convex
subset of

• It must have a ‘maximal element’ uˆ with (uˆ) = ∅, i.e., uˆ solves (1) (the
uniqueness follows at once from the additivity and the coercivity of the form a)
30
•  The second approach is based on a generalization of the Kakutani fixed point
theorem much as in [3]. This is the point of view we shall focus on here.
• In geometric terms of convex analysis, (1) can be written as an orthogonality
property p – uˆ ∈ (uˆ), where (uˆ) is the normal cone to X at in the sense of
convex analysis.
• Indeed, viewing E as a Hilbert space with inner product a(. , .), (1) amounts to
p - ∈ the negative polar cone of (X - ).
But = = = ( ), where
( ) = is the tangent cone to X at . Thus, (1) can be seen as a set – valued
fixed point problem ∈ (): = p - ( equivalently, as an equilibrium ( or a zero)
problem.
0 ∈ () (2)

31
•  for the set – valued map : X E defined as (u) := p – ( u + (u)). Observe first that
if p X, then = (p) verifies a ( p - v - ) 0,
v X, i.e., p - = (uˆ) which amounts to 0 (uˆ)
= () and (1) is solved. If p X, then p (u), u X. Thus p – u = p – u + ( p –u -
(u)) (u).

• Generalizations to infinite dimensions of the Bolzano – Poincare intermediate

value theorem [1] can be used to solve (2) as the map has closed convex values, is
upper semicontinuous, and satisfies the tangency boundary condition
(u) , u X.

32
• This approach lends itself to the treatment of non – convex problems through the
consideration of natural and appropriate topological substitutes to convexity as
well as corresponding notions of tangency from non – smooth analysis.

• Thus, the problem is solved by using the above two distinct fundamental
topological fixed point principles for set- valued maps.

33
References
[1] G. Allen, Variational inequalities, complementarity problems and duality
Theorems, Math. Anal. Appl. 58, p. 1-10, 1977.

[2] H. Ben-El-Mechaiekh, Approximations and selections methods for set-

valued maps. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, p. 77-138, 2014.

[3] H. Ben-El-Mechaiekh, G. Isac, Generalized multivalued variational

inequalities, World Scientific, River Edge, p. 115-142, 1998.

[4] J. R. Giles, Introducing to the Analysis of Metric spaces, Cambridge

University press. ISBN: 978 – 0 – 521 – 35928 – 3, 1987.
34
[5] M. Asadi, E. Karapiar, and P. Salimi, New Extension of p−metric spaces with
some fixed-point results on M− metric spaces, Journal of Inequality and Application,
18, 2014.

[6] P. Bajracharya, and N. Adhikari, A Study on Fixed Point Theory in M- Metric

Space, Scientific World, 13, p. 62-68, 2020.

[7] P. Hartmann, G. Stampacchia, On some non-linear Elliptic Differential-

Functional Equations, Acta Math, 115, p. 271-310,1966.

[8] R. F. Brown, F.P.T. and its Application: American Mathematical Society,

ISBN: 0 – 8218 – 5080 – 6, 1988.

35
[9] S.K. Chatterjea, Fixed-point theorems, C.R. Acad. Bulgare Sci. 25,

p. 727-730, 1972.
[10] T. Limura, K. Murota, and A. Tamura, Discrete fixed point theory,
J. Math. Econ. 41, 1030-1036, 2005

[11] Takura, and Limura, A Discrete Fixed Point Theorem and its Applications, Journal of
mathematical Economics, 39, p 725 – 742,

ISSN: 0304 – 4068, 2003.

[12] Z. Eberhard, Applied Functional Analysis main Principles and their Application,
Springers, 1995.

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 Journals
• Two journals in which we would like to submit this document
for publication are:
(i) Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications
(ii) Fixed Point Theory

• (i) Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications

 
An International  Journal for an important research in all disciplines in which
the use of tools of fixed point theory plays an essential role.

37
 Bibliographic Data

J. Fixed Point Theory Appl.

First published in 2007
1 volume per year, 4 issues per volume
March , issue 1
June , issue 2
September, issue 3
December, issue 4

38
 approx.(pages per volume): 1400
Format: 15.5 x 23.5 cm
ISSN(print): 1661-7738
ISSN(electronic): 1661-7746
latest:
Volume 23
Issue 1, March 2021

39
•Editor-in-Chief : Felix Schlenk

•Publishing mode: Hybrid (Transformative Journal). 

•Impact factor: 1.741 (2019)

•Five year impact factor : 1.564 (2019)

•Submission to first decision : 82 days

• Submission to acceptance : 247 days

40
 Aims & scope
JFPTA provides a publication forum for an important research in all disciplines in
which the use of tools of fixed point theory plays an essential role. Research topics include :

(i) New developments in fixed point theory in any disciplines,

(ii) Ramifications to global analysis, dynamical systems and simplistic topology,

(iii) Significant applications in nonlinear analysis, mathematical economics and computation theory,

(iv) Contributions to important problems in geometry, fluid dynamics and mathematical physics;
A limited number of expository and survey articles will be published.

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 Fixed Point Theory

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Bibliographic Data
Fixed Point Theory
An International Journal on Fixed Point Theory, Computation and applications

First published in 2003

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