WELCOME

TO MY
PRESENTATION
 TOPIC : CURVE SURVEYING

SUBMITTED TO
J. M. Raisul Islam Shohag
Lecturer,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Daffodil International University

SUBMITTED BY

TANVIR MAHMUD
ID NO:203-47-404
Dept Of Civil Engineering
Daffodil International University
DEFINITION OF CURVES:
CURVES ARE REGULAR BENDS PROVIDED IN THE LINES OF COMMUNICATION LIKE ROADS, RAILWAYS ETC.
AND ALSO IN CANALS TO BRING ABOUT THE GRADUAL CHANGE OF DIRECTION. THEY ARE ALSO USED IN THE
VERTICAL PLANE AT ALL CHANGES OF GRADE TO AVOID THE ABRUPT CHANGE OF GRADE AT THE APEX.
HORIZONTAL CURVES

Curves provided in the horizontal plane to have the gradual change in direction are known as horizontal curves.

VERTICAL CURVES

Curves provided in the vertical plane to obtain the gradual change in grade are called as vertical curves.
NEED OF PROVIDING CURVES

Curves are needed on Highways, railways and canals for bringing about gradual change of direction of motion. They
are provided for following reasons:-
i) To bring about gradual change in direction of motion.
ii) To bring about gradual change in grade and for good visibility.
iii) To alert the driver so that he may not fall asleep.
iv) To layout Canal alignment.
v) To control erosion of canal banks by the thrust of flowing water in a canal
NAMES OF VARIOUS PARTS OF CURVE
(i) The two straight lines AB and BC which are connected by the curve are called the tangents or straights to the curve.
(ii) The point of intersection of the two straights (B) is called the intersection point or the vertex.
(iii) When the curve deflects to the right side of the progress of survey ,it is termed as right handed curve and when to the left , it is
termed as left handed curve.
(iv) The lines AB and BC are tangents to the curve. AB is called the first tangent or the rear tangent . BC is called the second tangent or
the forward tangent.
(v) The points ( T1 and T2 ) at which the curve touches the tangents are called the tangent points. The beginning of the curve ( T1 ) is
called the tangent curve point and the end of the curve (T2) is called the curve tangent point
(vi) The angle between the lines AB and BC (└ ABC) is called the angle of intersection (I).
(vii) The angle by which the forward tangent deflects from the rear tangent (└ B’BC) is called the deflection angle (φ) of the curve.
(viii) The distance from the point of intersection to the tangent point is called tangent length ( BT1 and BT2 ). (ix)The line joining the
two tangent points (T1 and T2 ) is known as the long chord.
(x) The arc T1FT2 is called the length of curve.
(xi) The mid point(F) of the arc (T1FT2 ) is called the summit or apex of the curve.
(xii) The distance from the point of intersection to the apex of the curve BF is called the apex distance.
(xiii) The distance between the apex of the curve and the mid point of the long chord (EF) is called versed sine of the curve.
(xiv) The angle subtended at the centre of the curve by the arc T1FT2 is known as central angle and is equal to the deflection angle (φ) .
ELEMENTS OF A SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE
(i) Angle of intersection +Deflection angle = 1800 . or I + φ = 1800

(ii) └ T1OT2 = 1800 - I = φ i.e the central angle = deflection angle.

(iii)Tangent length = BT1 =BT2= OT1 tan φ/2 = R tan φ/2

(iv) Length of long chord =2T1E =2R sin φ/2

(v) Length of curve = Length of arc T1FT2 = R X φ (in radians) = πR φ/1800

(vi) Apex distance = BF = BO – OF = R sec. φ/2 - R = R (1 – cos φ/2 )=R versine φ/2

DESIGNATION OF CURVE

A curve may be designated either by the radius or by the angle subtended at the centre by a chord of particular length. a curve is designated by the angle (in
degrees) subtended at the centre by a chord of 30 metres (100 ft.) length. This angle is called the degree of curve (D). The degree of the curve indicates the
sharpness of the curve.
In English practice , a curve is defined by the radius of the curve in terms of chains, such as a six chain curve means a curve having radius equal to six full
chains, chain being 30 metres unless otherwise specified. In America,Canada,India and some other countries a curve is designated by the degree of the curve
RELATION BETWEEN THE RADIUS OF CURVE AND DEGREE OF CURVE.

The relation between the radius and the degree of the curve may be determined as follows:-
Let R = the radius of the curve in metres.
D = the degree of the curve. MN = the chord, 30m long. P = the mid-point of the chord.
In OMP,
OM=R, MP= ½ MN =15m
MOP=D/2
Then, sin D/2=MP/OM= 15/R
Or R = 15 sin D/2 But when D is small,
sin D/2 may be assumed approximately equal to D/2 in radians.
Therefore: R = 15 X 360 πD = 1718.87 D Or say , R = 1719 D (Approximate)

 This relation holds good up to 5 0 curves.For higher degree curves the exact relation should be used
METHODS OF CURVE RANGING

A curve may be set out

(1) By linear Methods, where chain and tape are used or
(2) By Angular or instrumental methods, where a theodolite with or without a chain is used.
Before starting setting out a curve by any method, the exact positions of the tangents points between which the curve lies ,must be
determined. Following procedure is adopted:-
Procedure :-
i) After fixing the directions of the straights, produce them to meet in point (B)
ii) Set up the Theodolite at the intersection point (B) and measure the angle of intersection (I) .Then find the deflection angle ( ) by
subtracting (I) from 1800 i.e φ=1800 – I.
iii) Calculate the tangent length from the following equation Tangent length = R tanφ/2
iv) Measure the tangent length (BT1 ) backward along the rear tangent BA from the intersection point B, thus locating the position of T1 .
v) Similarly, locate the position of T2 by measuring the same distance forward along the forward tangent BC from B

After locating the positions of the tangent points T1 and T2 ,their chainages may be determined. The chainage of T1 is obtained by
subtracting the tangent length from the known chainage of the intersection point B. And the chainage of T2 is found by adding the length of
curve to the chainage of T1 . Then the pegs are fixed at equal intervals on the curve.The interval between pegs is usually 30m or one chain
length.
This distance should actually be measured along the arc ,but in practice it is measured along the chord ,as the difference between
the chord and the corresponding arc is small and hence negligible. In order that this difference is always small and negligible ,the
length of the chord should not be more than 1/20th of the radius of the curve. The curve is then obtained by joining all these pegs.

The distances along the centre line of the curve are continuously measured from the point of beginning of the line up
to the end .i.e the pegs along the centre line of the work should be at equal interval from the beginning of the line up
to the end. There should be no break in the regularity of their spacing in passing from a tangent to a curve or from a
curve to the tangent. For this reason ,the first peg on the curve is fixed

at such a distance from the first tangent point (T1 ) that its chainage becomes the whole number of chains i.e the
whole number of peg interval. The length of the first sub chord is thus less than the peg interval and it is called a sub-
chord. Similarly there will be a sub-chord at the end of the curve. Thus a curve usually consists of two sub-chords
and a no. of full chords.
LINEAR METHODS OF SETTING OUT CURVE
The following are the methods of setting out simple circular curves by the use of chain and tape :-
(i) By offsets from the tangents.
(ii) By successive bisection of arcs.
(iii) By offsets from chords produced.

1. By offsets from the tangents.

When the deflection angle and the radius of the curve both are small, the curves are set out by offsets from the
tangents. Offsets are set out either (i) radially or (ii) perpendicular to the tangents according as the centre of the curve
is accessible or inaccessible
Offsets is given by : Ox = R2 +x2 – R …….. (Exact relation.)
When the radius is large ,the offsets may be calculated by the approximate
formula which is as under Ox = x2/2R ……… (Approximate )
(II) BY OFFSETS PERPENDICULAR TO THE TANGENTS

1. (ii) By offsets perpendicular to the Tangents Ox= R – R2 – x 2 …………… (Exact) Ox = x2/2R……… (Approximate )

By offsets from the tangents: Procedure

(i) Locate the tangent points T1 and T2.

(ii) Measure equal distances , say 15 or 30 m along the tangent fro T1 .
(iii) Set out the offsets calculated by any of the above methods at each distance ,thus obtaining the required points on the curve.
(iv) Continue the process until the apex of the curve is reached.
(v) Set out the other half of the curve from second tangent.
(vi) This method is suitable for setting out sharp curves where the ground outside the curve is favourable for chaining. 3
THANK YOU