Slide 18.

Object-Oriented and
Classical Software
Engineering
Eighth Edition, WCB/McGraw-Hill, 2011

Stephen R. Schach

Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

 CHAPTER 18 Slide 18.2

EMERGING
TECHNOLOGIES

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 Overview (contd) Slide 18.3

 Aspect-oriented technology
 Model-driven technology
 Component-based technology
 Service-oriented technology
 Comparison of service-oriented and
component-based technology
 Social computing
 Web engineering
 Cloud technology
 Web 3.0

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 Overview Slide 18.4

 Computer security
 Model checking
 Present and future

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 18.1 Aspect-Oriented Technology Slide 18.5

 A concern of a software product is a specific set of

behaviors of that product
– Example:
» In a banking product, concerns include
– A set of interest computations
– The writing of information to the audit trail

 A core concern of a software product is a primary

set of behaviors of that product
– Example:
» In the banking product,
– The set of interest computations is a core concern
– The writing of information to the audit trail is essential, but is not a core
concern

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 Aspect-Oriented Technology (contd) Slide 18.6

 Separation of concerns is highly desirable

– But not always achievable in practice
– Example:
» In the banking product,
– The set of interest computations can probably be isolated to a few modules
– But virtually every banking operation has to write to the audit trail

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 Aspect-Oriented Technology (contd) Slide 18.7

 A cross-cutting concern cuts across module

boundaries
– Example:
» In the banking product,
– The audit trail

 Cross-cutting can have a deleterious effect on

maintenance
– Cross-cutting can lead to regression faults

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 Aspect-Oriented Technology (contd) Slide 18.8

 Cross-cutting violates separation of concerns

Figure 18.1(a)
 A change to the audit trail mechanism requires all
six pieces of audit trail code to be consistently
changed

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 Aspect-Oriented Technology (contd) Slide 18.9

 Aim of aspect-oriented programming (AOP):

– Isolate such cross-cutting concerns in special modules
called aspects

 Aspects contain advice

– Code to be linked to specific places in the software
– Example:
» In a banking product, advice includes
– An audit trail routine

 A pointcut is a place in the code where the advice

is to be executed
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 Aspect-Oriented Technology (contd) Slide 18.10

 An aspect therefore consists of two pieces:

– The advice, and
– Its associated set of pointcuts

Figure 18.1(b)

 Now, a change to the audit trail mechanism is

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 Aspect-Oriented Technology (contd) Slide 18.11

 An aspect-oriented programming language is

needed
– Its compiler is called a weaver

 Development and maintenance are performed on

the uncompiled source code, including its aspects
and pointcuts
– Separation of concerns is thereby achieved

 Now, a change to the audit trail mechanism is

localized to the aspect

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 Aspect-Oriented Technology (contd) Slide 18.12

 There are aspect-oriented extensions for many

programming languages, including:
– AspectJ (for Java)
» Currently the most popular AOPL

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 Aspect-Oriented Technology (contd) Slide 18.13

 Aspect-oriented programming is one part of

aspect-oriented software development (AOSD)
– Aim: Early identification of both functional and
nonfunctional cross-cutting concerns

 Once the cross-cutting concerns have been

identified, they are
– Specified (aspect-oriented analysis),
– Modularized (aspect-oriented design), and
– Coded (aspect-oriented implementation)

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 Aspect-Oriented Technology (contd) Slide 18.14

 Aspect-oriented programming has been used in a

number of commercial applications, including
– IBM Websphere (a framework for building online
information systems in Java ), and
– JBoss (an open-source Java application server)

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 18.2 Model-Driven Technology Slide 18.15

 Problem: moving a software product to a new

platform
 Model-driven architecture (MDA) solves the
problem at the analysis level rather than at the
design level

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 Model-Driven Technology (contd) Slide 18.16

Figure 18.2
 1. The functionality of the desired software
product is specified by means of a platform-
independent model (PIM)
– This is done using UML, or an appropriate domain-
specific language

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 Model-Driven Technology (contd) Slide 18.17

Figure 18.2 (again)

 2. A platform-specific model (PSM) is chosen
– Examples: CORBA, .NET, or J2EE

 The PIM is mapped into the selected PSM

– The PSM is expressed in UML
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 Model-Driven Technology (contd) Slide 18.18

  Figure 18.2 (again)

 3. The PSM is translated into code, using an
automatic code generator, and run on a computer

 4. If multiple platforms are required, Steps 2 and 3

are repeated for each PSM
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 Model-Driven Technology (contd) Slide 18.19

 MDA
– Totally decouples functionality from implementation, and
– Thereby provides a powerful mechanism for achieving
portability

 Patterns play an important role in MDA-based

software products

 MDA raises the level of abstraction from the

platform-dependent code level to the platform-
independent model level

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 18.3 Component-Based Technology Slide 18.20

 The goal of component-based technology:

– To construct a standard collection of reusable
components

 Then, all software will be constructed by

– Choosing a standard architecture,
– Choosing standard reusable frameworks, and
– Inserting standard reusable code artifacts into the hot
spots of the frameworks

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 Component-Based Technology (contd) Slide 18.21

 That is, all future software will then be built from

those reusable components
– Using an automated tool

 Result:
– Product automation

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 Component-Based Technology (contd) Slide 18.22

 For this technology to work, the components have

to be
– Independent, that is, fully encapsulated
– At a higher level of abstraction than objects, because
they cannot share state

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 Component-Based Technology (contd) Slide 18.23

 Achieving component-based software engineering

would lead to
– Order-of-magnitude increases in
» software productivity and
» quality, and
– Order-of-magnitude decreases in
» time to market and
» maintenance effort

 Unfortunately, the current state of the art is far

from this ambitious target

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 18.4 Service-Oriented Technology Slide 18.24

 With service-oriented technology, capabilities are

provided
– By service providers,
– Over a network (frequently the Internet),
– To meet specific needs of service consumers

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 Two Ways to Create a Document on a Computer
Slide 18.25

 1. Install a copy of Microsoft Word on the user’s

computer, and then use Microsoft Word to create
the document on that computer

 2. Open a Web browser and create the document

using Google Docs
– The word processing software stays on the Google
computer
– The document also resides on the Google computer
» But a copy can be downloaded to the user’s computer, for
additional security

 This is service-oriented computing

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18.5 Comparison of Service-Oriented and Component-Based Technology
Slide 18.26

 Both service-oriented technology and component-

based technology:
– Are instances of distributed computing
– Are primarily reuse technologies
– Require encapsulation
– Are accessed through their interfaces
– Must have the highest possible cohesion and the lowest
possible coupling
– Have low entry costs
– Automatically download the latest version of the software
– Are generally geographic location-independent

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Differences between Service-Oriented and Component-Based Technology
Slide 18.27

 One major difference between the two technologies

is granularity
– The basic building blocks of component-based
technology are components, whereas
– The basic building blocks of service-oriented technology
are complete executable programs

 A second difference is that

– Early versions of service-oriented technology are already
widely used today, whereas
– Component-based technology still requires breakthrough
research before it could be used in practice

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 18.6 Social Computing Slide 18.28

 The term social computing is used in two different

contexts:
– With the emphasis on the “social”
» Not an emerging technology
– With the emphasis on the “computing”
» An emerging technology

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 Social Computing (contd) Slide 18.29

 First, the term is in used in the context of the ways

in which computers support social behavior
– Examples include:
» Chat rooms
» Instant messaging
» E-mail
» Blogs
» Shared work spaces like wikis

 That is not an emerging technology

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 Social Computing (contd) Slide 18.30

 Second, the term is used in the context of group

computations
– Examples include
» Online auctions
» Multiplayer online games
» Collaborative filtering

 This usage relates to an emerging technology

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 18.7 Web Engineering Slide 18.31

 Analogous to software engineering, Web

engineering is a discipline whose aim is the
production of
– Fault-free Web software
– Delivered on time,
– Within budget, and
– Satisfying the user’s needs

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 Web Engineering (contd) Slide 18.32

 Web software is a subset of software in general

– Accordingly, Web engineering is technically a subset of
software engineering

 However, Web software has characteristics of its

own
– Web engineering should therefore be considered a
separate discipline

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 Characteristics of Web Software Slide 18.33

 Unstable requirements
 Wide range of user skills
 No opportunity to train users
 Varied content
 Exceedingly short maintenance turnaround times
 The human–user interface is of prime importance
 Diverse runtime environments 
 Stringent privacy and security requirements
 Accessibility through multiple devices

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 Characteristics of Web Software (contd) Slide 18.34

 Some researchers feel that Web technology is

essentially different to computer technology
– They have put forward a new discipline, Web science,
analogous to computer science

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 18.8 Cloud Technology Slide 18.35

 The Internet is sometimes referred to as “The

Cloud”

 Cloud technology is a synonym for Internet-based

technology

 Specific to cloud computing is the idea that the

users are not expected to have any knowledge of
the underlying infrastructure
– The metaphor is that users are operating “in a cloud”

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 18.9 Web 3.0 Slide 18.36

 The World Wide Web (or Web for short) is a

collection of hypertext documents

 Web 2.0 is a term that refers to the technology

that individuals now use when they make use of
the Web

 Web 3.0 (or the Semantic Web) is an emerging

technology
– The term refers to ways that the Web will be used in the
future

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 18.10 Computer Security Slide 18.37

 Computer security is not a branch of software

engineering
– Nevertheless, there are aspects of computer security
that are also of concern to software engineers

 One important area of overlap between software

engineering and computer security is human
factors

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 Human Factors Slide 18.38

 Claim:
– “Given a choice between dancing pigs and security,
users will pick dancing pigs every time”
– Dancing pigs problem

 The claim is supported by the “cute” swimming

bear on a fraudulent web page for Bank of the
West

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 Human Factors (contd) Slide 18.39

 The design of human interfaces has to take into

account that many users simply do not care about
security

 Security has to be built into a software product,

rather than offered as an option
– This is a hard problem

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 18.11 Model Checking Slide 18.40

 Model checking is a testing technology for

hardware that is starting to be applied to software

 Correctness proving is still somewhat problematic

– We need an alternative to a human having to construct
a proof

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 Model Checking (contd) Slide 18.41

 Model checking
– Use temporal logic to specify a software product that is
intended to run without stopping
– Realize the temporal logic specification as a finite state
machine
– Then determine the properties of that finite state
machine

 In this way, we can mathematically show that a

software product is correct without explicitly
constructing a proof of correctness

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 18.12 Present and Future Slide 18.42

 This chapter contains an outline of 10 emerging

technologies
– All are promising
– All have the potential to become mainstream
technologies

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 Present and Future (contd) Slide 18.43

 “It’s tough making predictions, especially about the

future” – Yogi Berra

– So, only in the future will we know what the future will
bring

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