Signals and Systems

ECE2501
Lecture 01
By
Dr. Noaman A. Khan
Signals and Systems
 Course outline
 Introduction
• Signals
• Systems
• Continuous time signals
• Discrete time signals
 Elementary CT and DT Signals and Systems
• Mathematical Functions as Signal Models
• Transformation of Time variable
• Periodic Signals
• Exponential Signals
• Periodic Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals
• Finite energy and Finite Power Signals
• Even and Odd signals
• DT Unit impulse and Step Functions
• System Models and Basic Properties
Signals and Systems
 Course outline
 Linear Time Invariant Systems
• Convolution of DT Signals
• Convolution of CT Signals
• LTI Systems
• Properties of LTI Systems
 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform
• Representation of Signals in terms of Frequency
Components
• Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals
• Properties of Fourier Series
• Fourier Transform
• Properties of Fourier Transform
• Generalized Fourier Transform
Signals and Systems
 Course outline
 Laplace transform and properties
• Laplace Transform of a Signal
• Properties of Laplace Transform
• Inverse Laplace Transform
• Transfer function representation
• Frequency response of Continuous time systems
 Z-transform and properties
• Z-Transform of Discrete time signals
• Properties of z-Transform
• Inverse z-Transform
• Transfer function representation
• Frequency response of Discrete time systems
 Differential and Difference equations defining LTI systems
 Applications of S&S to communications, control and digital
signal processing
Signals and Systems
 Text, reference material and notes
 Fundamentals of Signals and Systems
using MATLAB by Kamen and Heck
 Structure and Interpretation of Signals
and Systems by Lee and Varaiya
 Any book on Signals and Systems of your
choice
 Course notes as power point slides plus pdf
format files.
 Photocopy or get soft copies from me.
Signals and Systems
 Class and course rules
 10% first mid term
 15% second mid term
 25% assignments and quizzes
 50% final exam
 Pop quizzes minimum three maximum no limit
 Assignments to be submitted on or before the
submission date. No acceptance after the due date.
 Minimum 80% attendance is must. You will not be
allowed to sit in the final exam if less than 80%
attendance.
Signals and Systems
 Class and course rules
 No mobile phones in the class are allowed. You will
be thrown out of the class if your phone disturbs the
class
 You will be marked absent if you are more than five
minutes late or leave the class before the class ends.
 Quizzes and assignments will give you the idea about
what kind of questions to expect in mid term and final
exams.
 No re exams or quizzes if you miss them.
 You are encouraged to use computers for your
assignments.
Fundamental Concepts

 Motivation for Signals and Systems

 Concept arises in all areas of
technology ranging from application to
home devices to very sophisticated
engineering innovations.
 Advancement in technology is a result
of advancement in theory of signals
and systems.
Fundamental Concepts
 Signals
 A signal x(t) is a real valued or scalar valued function
of time.
 Real valued means, for any fixed value of t the value
of signal at time t is a real number.
 Common examples of signals are
• Voltage or current waveforms in an electrical circuit
• Audio signals e.g. speech
• Bioelectric signals such as ECG and EEG
• Forces or torques in a mechanical system
• Flow rate of liquid in a chemical process
• Temperature measurements in furnace
Fundamental Concepts
 Signals
 Sometimes a signal x(t) is very complicated
 It cannot be written as a mathematical function e.g.
speech
 Such signals are then given by a set of samples
representing the signal in a vector form
S(t)={x(t0),x(t1),x(t2),….,x(tN)}
 Where x(ti) is the value of the signal at time ti, i=0,1,2,
….,N; and N+1 is the number of sample points
 This kind of signal is generated by sampling the
original signal. Sampling will be discussed later in this
course
Fundamental Concepts
 Signals
 Sometimes the signals are represented by
some form of its characteristics.
 One representation is by its “frequency
contents” or “frequency spectrum”.
 This is achieved by using the Fourier
transform.
 Another form of representing signals is
through there statistical properties e.g.
mean, variance, auto-correlation etc
Fundamental Concepts
 Signal Processing
 A very important part of technology is
signal processing
 Used for
• Extraction of information from signals
• Removal of noise from signals
• Signal detection
• Compression and decompression of
signals
Fundamental Concepts
 Systems
 An interconnection of components with terminal or access
ports
 Terminals provide application of matter, energy or
information to the system or extraction of it.
 A system is viewed as a black box with input and output
terminals as shown in the figure

x1(t) y1(t)

x2(t) y2(t)

Output signals
Input signals

System

xp(t) yq(t)
Fundamental Concepts
 Systems
 In the last figure p inputs are applied to the system
and q outputs are taken out.
 Not always necessary that p=q.
 When p=q=1 the system is said to be a single input
single output system.
 We will be studying only this kind of systems.
 Some example of systems are
• An electrical circuit
• A communication system
• A biological system
• A robot
• An oil refinery
• A car manufacturing plant
Fundamental Concepts
 Systems
 To under take in-depth study of a system, useful to
have a mathematical model of the system.
 A mathematical model consists of a collection of
equations describing the relationship between the
input and the output of the system.
 Important: A mathematical model helps to simulate
the system on a digital computer.
 The mathematical model can be made as accurate as
possible. The more accurate the model the more
accurate will be the simulation
 Models are usually made as simple as possible by
making compromises such as making the system
linear by approximating non-linearities by piece wise
linearities.
Fundamental Concepts
 Systems
 There are two type of models
• Input output representation
• State or internal model describing the relationship
between input, internal states and output.
 We will not study the second type.
 Four type of input/output models will be studied
• The input/output differential equation or difference
equation
• The convolution model
• The Fourier transform representation
• The transfer function representation
The first two are called the time domain representations
and the last two are frequency domain.