Tachometric surveying

Advantages of Tacheometric
surveying
It eliminates use of chain and tape. .

We can do survey in area like Hill and mountain where it is very

difficult to do survey by other methods.

If we not need very high standards and accuracy then this is

right method.

It require low amount of time compare to other ways

of surveying.

Because Tacheometry is indirect method that we do not require

some instrument that is necessary in plan table surveying or in
theodolite surveying.
 Disadvantages of
Tacheometric surveying

Major disadvantage of tacheometric surveying is

that, it is not used where higher accuracy is
required.
Applications
In rough country, both horizontal and vertical
measurements are tedious and chaining is in accurate,
slow and difficult.

when obstacles such as steep and broken

ground, stretches of water.

In locating contours and filling in detail in a

topographic survey, this method is usually the quickest &
best.

When area to be surveyed is very large and

accuracy required is less.
 Applications
Preparation of topographic maps
which require both
horizontal distances and elevations.
Survey work in difficult terrain
where direct methods are
inconvenient.
Filling details in a traverse.
location surveys for highways, railways, canals,
 Tangential Method
Stadia method • The tangential method of tacheometry is being
• It is the most prevalent method for used when stadia hairs are not present in the
tacheometric surveying. diaphragm of the instrument.

• In this method, the telescope of the • In this method, the staff sighted is fitted with
two big targets (or vanes) spaced at a fixed
theodolite is equipped with two
vertical distances.
additional cross hairs, one above • Vertical angles corresponding to the vanes,
and the other below the main say 1 and 2 are measured.
horizontal hair at equal distance. • The horizontal distance, say D and vertical

• These additional cross hairs are intercept, say V are computed from the values
s (pre-defined / known) 1 and 2 .
known as stadia hairs.
• This method is less accurate than the stadia
method.
Fixed Hair Method: In the fixed hair
method the cross hairs of the diaphragm
are kept at a constant distance apart and
the staff intercept varies with the
horizontal and vertical position of the
staff with respect to the Theodolite.

Movable Hair Method: In this method

the staff intercept between the lower hair
and the upper hair is kept constant by
moving the horizontal cross hairs in the
vertical plane.
2. Additive constant

B=(f+d) where,
f=focal length of the lens
d= horizontal distance
between instrument axis
to optical centre of alens
The value of additive
constant. varies from 0.15
m to 0.60 m.
 In tachometric surveying, instrument used is known as a tachometer.
With the help of a tachometer observations (stadia readings and vertical
angles) are taken and horizontal and vertical distances are determined by
using formulae.
Before doing calculations we should known the values of two constants for
a tachometer to be used for survey work.
Generally their values are mentioned in the catalogue supplied by
the manufacturer.
Also the constants may be determined by:
1.Laboratory measurement
Prepared By- 2. Field measurement
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.
 Anallatic lens
It is an additional lens generally provided in the external
focusing tachometer between object glass & eyepiece
Advantages of anallatic lens:
1)For calculation of horizontal & vertical distances constant
(f+c)=0, if tacheometer is provided with
anallatic lens.
2) Calculation becomes simple.
Disadvantages of anallatic lens:
1.The anallatic lens absorbs some of the incident light
which consequently results in reduction of the brightness of the
image.
2.It also adds to the initial cost of the instrument because of one extra
lens.
Auto reduction Tachometer
 FIELD WORK
• Set up the instrument.
• Set the vernier of the vertical circle to zero.
• With the altitude level at the center of its run, measure the height of the instrument with a
measuring
tape accurately.
• Orient the instrument.
• Hold the staff on the benchmark and take the bearing, read the vertical angle and the top, bottom, and axial hair
readings.
• If any benchmark is not nearby the area of traversing, Fly level may be carried out.
• After all the representative points are located from the first station, take a foresight at the second station and
note down the bearings.
• Vertical angle and the staff readings corresponding to the top, bottom and the axial hairs.
• As each station is sighted twice two Values for the distances and elevations of the stations are obtained which
should be within the permissible limits; otherwise, the work should be repeated.
 ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASURMENTS [EDM]
• Electronic distance measuring instrument is a surveying instrument for measuring
distance electronically between two points through electromagnetic waves.
• The method of direct distance measurement cannot be implemented in difficult
terrains.
• When large amount of variation in the terrain or large obstructions exist,
this method is avoided.
• Asan alternative to this optical distance measurement method was
developed. Still it gained a disadvantage of limited range of measurement.
• It is limited to 15 to 150m with an accuracy of 1 in 1000 to 1 in 10000. Above all
we have EDM with an accuracy of 1 in 105, having a distance range of 100km.
Prepared By-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.
Sun light or artificially generated electromagnetic wave consists of waves
of different lengths. The spectrum of an electromagnetic wave is as
shown below:
Types of Electronic Distance Measurement Instrument
Microwave instruments Infrared wave instruments Light wave instruments.
These instruments make use In this instrument amplitude These instruments rely on
of microwaves. modulated infrared waves propagation of modulated
are used. light waves.
The instrument needs Prism reflectors are used at Light waves are most suited
only the end of line to be way in this instrument.
12 to 24 V batteries. measured.
They are light and highly These instruments are light These instruments are also
portable. Tellurometers can and economical and can be very useful for civil
be used in day as well as in mounted on theodolite. engineering projects.
night. Distomat is the example of
infrared light waves.
The range of With these instruments During night its range is up
these instruments is up to accuracy achieved is ± 10 to 2.5 km while in day its
100 km. mm. The range of these range is up to 3 km.
instruments is up to 3 km. Accuracy of these
instruments varies from 0.5
mm to 5 mm/km distance.
From the transit time and known velocity, the distance can be easily
measured. Now to solve the problem arise due to difficulty in starting the
timer at B, a reflector can be placed as shown below instead of a receiver at
B.

Fig. Transit measurement arrangement with the help of a EDM and a reflector
 ERRORS in Electronic Distance Measurement
Personal Errors Instrumental Errors Natural Errors

Inaccuracy in initial setups of Calibration errors Atmospheric variations in

EDMs and the reflectors over the temperature, pressure as well
preferred stations as humidity.

Instrument and Chances of getting Micro wave EDM

reflector measurements going maladjusted time to time instruments more
wrong generating frequent errors. are susceptible to
these.
Atmospheric pressures Errors by the Multiple of
and temperature determination shown refraction signals. the
errors reflectors.

• The advantage of using EDM instruments is the speed and accuracy in measurement.
• Several obstacles to chaining are automatically overcome when these instruments
are used.
 STUDY AND USE OF TOTAL STATION
• Total station is a surveying equipment combination of Electromagnetic Distance
Measuring Instrument and electronic theodolite.
• It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system.
• The instrument can be used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as
sloping distance of object to the instrument.

Capability of a Total Station

Microprocessor unit in total station processes the data collected to compute:
• Average of multiple angles measured.
• Average of multiple distance measured.
• Horizontal distance.
• Distance between any two points.
• Elevation of objects and
• All the three coordinates of the observed points.
 Important Operations of Total Station
Distance Measurement- range varies from 2.8 km to
4.2 km.

Angle Measurements- angle measurement varies from 2 to

6 seconds.
Data Processing- computes the horizontal distance and X,
Y, Z coordinates.
Display- capable of displaying horizontal distance, vertical
distance, horizontal and vertical angles, difference
in
elevations of two observed points
Prepared By-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.
Electronic Book- capacity of electronic note book
Prepared By-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.
 Advantages of Using Total Stations
The following are some of the major advantages of using total station over the

conventional surveying instruments:

1.Field work is carried out very fast.

2.Accuracy of measurement is

high.

3. Manual errors involved in reading

and recording are eliminated.

4. Calculation of coordinates is very

fast and accurate.

5. Corrections for temperature and

pressure are automatically made.
7.Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no
SUBTENSE BAR
 The subtense bar is an instrument used for measuring the
horizontal distance between the instrument station and a station
where the subtense bar is to be set up.
 Substense method is an indirect method of distance determination.
 This method essentially consists of measuring the angle subtended by
two ends of a horizontal rod of fixed length, called a subtense bar.
 In this method a staff or target rod is not necessary, and the
theodolite
required is also of the ordinary transit type.