Scribd
Upload
84 views14 pages

The Standard Deviation and Variance

The document discusses the standard deviation and variance as measures of variability in a distribution. It provides formulas to calculate variance and standard deviation for both ungrouped and grouped data. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. Variance is calculated by taking the average of the squared deviations from the mean, while standard deviation uses the variance's square root. Examples are included to demonstrate calculating variance and standard deviation step-by-step for populations and samples of ungrouped and grouped data.

Uploaded by

Charlie Bautista
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
84 views14 pages

The Standard Deviation and Variance

The document discusses the standard deviation and variance as measures of variability in a distribution. It provides formulas to calculate variance and standard deviation for both ungrouped and grouped data. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. Variance is calculated by taking the average of the squared deviations from the mean, while standard deviation uses the variance's square root. Examples are included to demonstrate calculating variance and standard deviation step-by-step for populations and samples of ungrouped and grouped data.

Uploaded by

Charlie Bautista
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

THE STANDARD DEVIATION

AND
THE VARIANCE
CHAPTER 5
The Standard Deviation and Variance
• If absolute value of deviation are used to avoid negative deviations and to
make finding MAD meaningful, squaring each deviations is done in finding
standard deviation and variance.
• Variance is the average squared differences of scores from the mean score
of a distribution.
• Standard Deviation is the square root of the variance.
• The standard deviation ( δ or s ) and variance ( δ2 or s2 ) are more complete
measures of variability which take into account every score in a
distribution.
A. The Variance and The Standard Deviation of Ungrouped Data
• The formula:
• δ2 or s2 = ∑ ( X - µ ) 2 δ = ƴ∑ ( X - µ ) 2
• N N

• Where :
• δ2 = variance of a population µ = population mean
• s = standard deviation of a N = total numbers of values in
• population the population
• X = population values
B.
• s2 = ∑ ( X- x )2 s = ƴ ∑ ( X- x )2
• n-1 n-1

• Where:
• s2 = variance of a sample
• s = standard deviation of a sample
• X = sample values
• x = sample mean
• n = total number of values in the sample
STEPS IN CALCULATING S2 AND S:

• 1. Calculate the mean of the distribution.


• x = ∑x / n
• 2. Subtract the mean from each raw value or score X – x
• 3. Square each of the results. (X – x ) 2
• 4. Apply the formula in computing the variance and the standard
deviation for ungrouped data.
Example #1. Consider a population consisting of the following values:
2 , 4 , 4 , 4 ,5 , 5 , 7 , 9
• Solution: Population
• Step 1. X = 2 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 5
• Step 2. 8
• (2 – 5) 2 = (-3)2 = 9 (5 – 5)2 = 0
• (4 – 5) 2 = (-1)2 = 1 (5- 5)2 = 0
• (4 – 5) 2 = (-1)2 = 1 (7-5 )2 = 4
• (4 – 5) 2 = (-1)2 = 1 (9 – 5)2 = 16
• Step 3.
• δ = ƴ 9 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 16 = 2
• 8
• δ2 = 9 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 16 = 32 = 4
• 8 8
• If the 8 are obtained by random sampling from some parent population,
then computing the sample standard deviation would be:
• s2 = 9 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 16 = 32 = 4.57
8–1 7

s = √ 4.57 = 2.14
EX. #2: Given the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Find the variance and standard deviation.
By calculation: MAD = x = 3 .
By calculation : s2 = ∑( X – X ) 2 = 10 = 2.5 S = = √ 2.5 = 1.58
n–1 4

X X - x (d)2 = ( X – x )2
1 1 – 3 = -2 4
2 2 – 3 = -1 1
3 3–3=0 0
4 4–3=1 1
5 5–3=2 4
∑ X = 15 n=5 ∑( X – x ) 2 = 10
EX#3: 50 98 82 23 46 40 63 52 92 54 X = 60

X X - x (X– x )2
50 -10 100
98 38 1444
82 22 484
23 37 1369
46 -14 196
40 -20 400
63 3 9
52 -8 65
92 32 1024
54 -6 36
n = 10 ∑(X – x )2 = 5126
• S 2 = ∑(X – x )2
• n-1
• S 2 = 5126 = 569.56
• 10 - 1

• S = √569.56 = 23.87
B. THE VARIANCE AND STD. DEVIATION FOR GROUPED DATA
• The formula:
• A. δ2 = ∑ f ( Xm - µ) 2 δ = √ ∑F (Xm - µ) 2
• N N
•
• Where: δ2 = population variance
• f = frequency
• Xm = midpoint of each class
• µ = population mean
• δ = population standard deviation
• N = total number of observation in a population
• B. s2 = ∑f(Xm –x )2 s = √∑f(Xm - x )2
• n–1 n–1

• Where: s2 = sample variance


• f = frequency
• Xm = midpoint of each class
• x = population mean
• s = sample standard deviation
• n = total number of observation in a sample.
X f Xm - x (Xm – x )2 f (Xm - x ) 2
72 1 7 49 49
70 1 5 25 25
67 1 2 4 4
66 2 1 1 2
64 1 -1 1 1
62 1 -3 9 9
61 3 -4 16 48
n = 10 ∑ f (Xm - x ) 2= 138
∑X = 65
S2 = ∑ f (Xm - x ) 2 = 138 = 15.33
n- 1 10 – 1

S = √∑ f (Xm - x ) 2 = √15.33 = 3.92


n- 1
• Ex #2:
X F Xm – x (Xm – x )2 F(Xm – x )2
8 4 8 - 5.5= 2.5 6.25 25
7 5 7 – 5.5 = 1.5 2.25 11.25
6 7 6 – 5.5 = 0.5 0.25 1.75
5 4 5 – 5.5 = -0.5 0.25 1.0
4 3 4 – 5.5 = - 1.5 2.25 6.75
3 1 3 – 5.5 = -2.5 6.25 6.25
∑ X = 33 n = 24 F(Xm – x )2 = 52

X = 33/6 S2 = 52 52 = 2.26
24 – 1 23
= 5.5
S = √2.26 = 1.50

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy