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Investigation of Bridges

After studying this ppt you will be able to : Describe Requirements of an ideal bridge Explain Bridge Site Characteristics Discuss about Factors affecting the selection of Bridge Site Explain following terms: Scour, Afflux, Runoff, Economic Span, Clearance, Freeboard

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Aditi Shah
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208 views26 pages

Investigation of Bridges

After studying this ppt you will be able to : Describe Requirements of an ideal bridge Explain Bridge Site Characteristics Discuss about Factors affecting the selection of Bridge Site Explain following terms: Scour, Afflux, Runoff, Economic Span, Clearance, Freeboard

Uploaded by

Aditi Shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INVESTIGATION OF

BRIDGES
After completing this session the
students will be able to:
1. Describe Requirements of an ideal bridge
2. Explain Bridge Site Characteristics
3. Discuss about Factors affecting the selection of
Bridge Site
4. Explain following terms: Scour, Afflux, Runoff,
Economic Span, Clearance, Freeboard
Requirements of an ideal bridge
1. Suitable, unyielding and non-erodable material for foundation
should be available at a short depth for abutments and piers of a
bridge.
2. The stream at the bridge site should be well defined and as narrow
as possible.
3. There should be a straight reach of stream at bridge site.
4. The site should have firm, permanent, straight and high banks.
5. The flow of water in the stream at the bridge site should be in a
steady regime condition. It should be free from whirls and cross
currents.
6. It should be feasible to have straight approach roads and square
7. There should be no confluence of large tributaries in the vicinity of
bridge site.
Requirements of an ideal bridge

8. There should be no need for costly river training works in the


vicinity of bridge site.
9. There should be minimum obstruction of natural waterway so as
to have minimum afflux.
10.There should be easy availability of labour, construction materials
and transport facilities in the vicinity of bridge site.
11.The bridge site should be such that no excessive work is to be
carried out inside the water, for constructing foundations.
12.At bridge site it is possible to provide secure and economical
approaches.
13.The bridge site should be such that adequate vertical height and
waterway is available underneath the bridge for navigational use.
14.There should be no adverse environmental input.
Bridge Site Characteristics

a. A straight reach of the river


b. Steady river flow without cross currents
c. A narrow channel with firm banks
d. Suitable high banks above high flood level on each side
e. Rock or other hard strata close to the river bed level
Bridge Site Characteristics

f. Economical approaches (not be very high or long or liable to


flank attacks of the river during floods, free from obstacles
such as hills, frequent drainage crossings, sacred places,
graveyards or built up areas or troublesome land acquisition)
g. Absence of sharp curves in the approaches
h. Absence of expensive river training works
i. Avoidance of excessive underwater construction
Factors affecting the selection of Bridge Site

1. The nature and bed conditions of river or


stream.
2. The nature and volume of traffic to be carried.
3. Whether navigation is done in the river or not.
4. Hydraulic data collected at the site.
5. The climatic condition of the area.
6. The length and width of the bridge to be
constructed.
Factors affecting the selection of Bridge Site

7. The geological conditions of the site.


8. Physical features of the site.
9. Loading condition; live load and other loads,
for which the bridge is to be designed.
10.Availability of labour.
11.Strategic and economic consideration.
Selection criteria during preliminary Study:

1.Topography
2.
Catchment area
3.
Hydrology
4.
Geo-technical data
5.
Seismology
6.
Navigation
7.Construction resources (M-M-M)
8.
Nearby bridges
9.
Traffic data
Length of a bridge = L = (4 x l )

Parapet
Deck

l l l l

b b b Abutment
Abutment

l = clear span, n = no. of span, b = width of pier


Linear Water way

The linear waterway of a Bridge shall be the length


available in the bridge between extreme edges of
water surface at the highest flood level, measures at
right angles to the abutment faces.
Length of a bridge = L = (4 x l )

Parapet
Deck

l l l l

b b b Abutment
Abutment

l = clear span, n = no. of span, b = width of pier


Highest Flood Level (HFL)

It is the level of highest flood ever recorded.


Importance of HFL:
1. To determine height of bridge
2. To calculate scour depth
3. To determine depth of foundation & abutment
4. To design river training works
River training works
River training works
Afflux

This sudden rise or


heading up of water
level on the upstream
side of the bridge due to
the obstruction created
by the construction of
piers is called afflux.
Freeboard: Vertical distance between the designed
HFL and level of bottom of bridge girder.
Reasons to provide freeboard:

� To allow floating debris, waves etc. to pass


under the bridge
� To allow afflux during maximum flood
discharge
� To allow ship / vessels to cross the bridge in
case of navigable river or sea
Scour
Bridge scour is the
removal of sediment such
as sand and gravel from
around bridge abutments
or piers due to swiftly
moving currents of water.
Scour
Scour
Causes of Scour

1. Obstruction to flow or increase in velocity of flow


2. Current in stream glow
3. Increase in flow of water
4. Erodable foundation
5. Excess gradient of river bed
6. Shape of piers
7. Direction of flow
Precautions to prevent scour:

1. Minimum obstruction to flow while constructing


bridge
2. Bridge alignment should be perpendicular to flow
3. Shape of pier should create minimum currents
4. Erodable soil beds to be avoided, but if present
cover it with heavy rubble or stone pitching
Calculation of scour depth

Find regime depth: W = √ Q


Find linear waterway: L = No. of span x span length
If L > W, then and

If L < W, then and


Economic Span of a bridge

The economic span of a bridge is the one which


reduces the overall cost of a bridge.

It depends on:
Cost of materials, Availability of Skilled Labour, Span of
bridge, Nature of stream, Climatic conditions.
Economic Span of a bridge

l = Span length, P = Cost of one pier & its foundation


a1 = constant for variable part of superstructure (span)

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