PRAYER

Lord, we thank you for another day that you have

given us. Thank you for all the blessings that we
have received. We offer to you our class today.
We pray that through your Divine Guidance, we
can listen attentively and participate actively. Lord,
let the knowledge and skills that we will acquire
today stay with us even after the lesson.
This we ask, in the mighty name of Jesus, AMEN.
 What are the 5 criteria in evaluating
information from any sources?
Au-
Ac-
Ob-
Cu-
Co
 OBJECTIV
ES:

At the end of this lesson the learners are expected to:

❖ define what citation is;
❖ enumerate importance of citation in Review of Related Literature
(RRL);
❖ differentiate each of the styles of citation with one another; and
❖ craft the RRL Chapter following the formatting guidelines for citation
and referencing page using the American Psychological Association
(APA) style.
 SOURC
E H TE R S W
C A U L P O
 C O PY
M D M Y P G
C H I L A O
 PA S T E
E L T D S Y
C A I L P O
 FORMA
TA U
R X M T
E D F L I O
 STYLE
E L T D S Y
C A I L P O
WHAT I KNOW
Read each question carefully and choose the correct letter of the best
answer
1. If the researcher failed to cite the source of the information he/she have
put on her manuscript, the researcher will be charged of ______.
a. Citation C. Ethical Considerations
b. Referencing d. Plagiarism
2. In the field of education, business, and communication, what citation
style will they use?
a. Modern Language Association c. Chicago Style
b. American Psychological Association d. Turabian Style
3. This is where the researcher tells to her target readers that the information
that are in THE manuscript came from another author or another source.
a. Citation c. Ethical Considerations
b. Referencing d. Plagiarism
WHAT I KNOW
Read each question carefully and choose the correct letter of the best answer

4. What citation style can we use if we belong in the field of

Humanities?
a. Modern Language Association c. Chicago Style
b. American Psychological Association d. Turabian Style
5. In what citation style, do the notes and bibliography style
belong?
a. Modern Language Association c. Chicago Style
b. American Psychological Association d. Turabian Style
 Lesson 1: Definition, Importance,
WHAT’S IN
and Styles of Citation
Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise.
1. A good literature review may consist of simply a summary of key
sources.
2. A literature review has an organizational pattern and commonly
combines the summary and synthesis often within the specific conceptual
categories.
3. A literature review is plainly included on your thesis or research paper
as to make your manuscript bulky.
4. A literature review is designed for you to provide an overview of
sources you have explored while researching a particular topic.
5. A good literature review in your study provides your readers how your
research fits within a larger field of study.
What’s New
• Using the puzzle, find out the answer on each item.
1.This pertains to the reliability and correctness of information used by the researcher.
2. It refers to the facts that are applied by the researcher that are not influenced by
personal beliefs or feelings.
3. This is the extent of a reference material used by the researcher which meet the
needs and depth of the research topic.
4. It is the degree to which the information gathered by the researcher is useful or
related to one another.
5. This refers to the process of putting together all the materials from different sources
into an integrated whole
What is It
Citation
CITATION
• Set of rules on how to cite sources in an academic
writing.
• Whenever you refer to someone else’s work, a
citation is required in order to avoid plagiarism
(Swaen,2015).
• A way you tell your readers that a certain material
in your work came from another source.
• Provides information to the readers necessary to
find that source again (Turnitin, 2017).
IMPORTANCE OF CITATION
1. It is helpful for anyone who wants to find out more about
your ideas and where they came from.
2. Citing sources shows the amount of research you’ve done.
3. Citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside
support to your ideas.
4. It is a basis of authenticity of one’s study.
5. It ensures the ethical and academic honesty of someone’s
work.
6. It reveals the sources of information and knowledge.
7. It serves as a legal basis in crafting the body of your study.
 Styles of Citation used in an
Academic Paper
1. Modern Language Association (MLA)
-widely used in the Humanities such as in the fields of
English, Literatures, Arts, and Philosophy.
-uses brief parenthetical citations in the text that refers to an
alphabetical list of work cited appearing at the end of the
work.
2. American Psychological Association (APA)
-citation style uses an author-date system.
-widely used in the Social Sciences field such as
Anthropology, Business, Communication,
Education, Political Science, and Psychology.
-uses in-text citation in the text that refer to an
alphabetical list of references appearing the end of
the work.
2.7 For citing secondary sources, find the primary source and cite it
directly rather than citing the secondary source. If the year of the
publication is present for the primary source is known include it in
text. Meanwhile, if the publication year of the primary source is
unknown omit it in the in-text citation.
• 3. Chicago
• citation style that was introduced and
published by the Chicago University. This
style supports two styles:
• 3.1 Notes and Bibliography; and
• 3.2 Author-Date.
• Note that there are various citation styles used by each of
a specific academic journal.
• Here is a diagram in which you may use in order for you to
organize your information, concepts and ideas using your
Research Working Title.
 PLAGIARISM
According to the
Merriam-Webster
Online Dictionary,
to “plagiarize”
means:
 PLAGIARISM
1. to steal and
pass off (the
ideas or words
of another) as
one's own
 PLAGIARISM
2. to use
(another's
production)
without
crediting the
source
 PLAGIARISM
3. to
commit
literary
theft
 PLAGIARISM
4. to present as
new and
original an idea
or product
derived from an
existing source.
 Copyright infringement
under the Intellectual
Property Code, could be
considered a cybercrime
under Republic Act
10175 or the Cybercrime
law.
 APA
Formatting
and Style
Guide
What is APA style?
• is an author-date style for citing
and referencing information in
assignments and publications.
• developed by the American
Psychological Association (APA)
Why Use APA Format?
• Allows readers to cross-
reference your sources easily
• Provides consistent format
within a discipline
• Gives you credibility as a
writer
• Protects yourself from
plagiarism
Purdue University Writing Lab
APA Style:
General
Format of
Paper
Purdue University Writing Lab
• 8 1/2 x 11 paper.
• Double space (everything).
• Margins are set at 1-inch on all
four sides.
• Do not justify the right margin
and do not break words at the
end of a typed line.
• Font-size 12, Times New
Roman is the preferred font.
• Pages numbered in sequence
starting with the Title Page.
• Use an active voice.
• Numbers zero through nine are
written out. For all subsequent
numbers, the numeral can be used,
• e.g. There were 59 subjects used in
the study.
• There were four that were in a
post-retirement age bracket.
Every page of your paper should:
• Include a page header (Title, all caps) in
the upper left-hand corner and
• the page number in the upper right
 Page header: do
NOT include
“Running head:”
Abstract: centered,
at the top of the
page

Write a 150- to 250

word summary of
your paper in an
accurate, concise,
and specific manner.
 APA Style:
Two Main Concerns
•Parenthetical
Citations
•References
Purdue University Writing Lab
Common
Parenthetical
Citations

Purdue University Writing Lab

Quoting Directly
vs.
Paraphrasing/
Summarizing
Short Quotations
If you are directly quoting from a
work, you will need to include the
author’s last name, year of
publication, and the page number for
the reference (preceded by "p.").
Introduce the quotation with a signal
phrase
SIGNAL PHRASE
- a phrase that signals the reader that
either a direct quote or a
paraphrase is about to follow.
- Since it becomes monotonous to
always read “according to,”
signal phrases should be varied and
appropriate in the context.
According to Jones
(1998), "Students often
had difficulty using APA
style, especially when it
was their first time" (p.
199).
Jones (1998) found
"students often had
difficulty using APA
style" (p. 199); what
implications does this
have for teachers?
As Bartell explains,
“Butterflies cannot fly
if their body
temperature is less than
86 degrees” (2008, p.
3114).
Lopez (1993) pointed out
that “the effect disappeared
within minutes” (p. 311),
which raises questions about
the implications of the
study’s findings for a wider
demographic.
Verbs to introduce a
fact/statement:
stated, wrote, said,
mentioned, added, noted,
commented, pointed out, found,
observed, discussed, reported,
expressed, considered, explored,
illustrated
Verbs to introduce views
the author agrees with:
endorsed, confirmed,
agreed, supported,
echoed, affirmed
Verbs to introduce what the
author focuses on or excludes:
emphasized, stressed, focused on,
highlighted, overlooked,
ignored, downplayed, omitted,
excluded
Verbs to introduce what the
author disagrees with:
refuted, denied, contradicted,
critiqued, rejected, called into
question, disputed, challenged,
negated
Verbs to introduce a claim:
claimed, argued, posited, reasoned,
asserted, proposed
Verbs to introduce the
author’s agreement:
acknowledged, admitted, granted,
conceded
Long Quotations
• Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or
longer, in a free-standing block of
typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks.
• Start the quotation on a new line, indented
1/2 inch from the left margin.
• Maintain double-spacing throughout. The
parenthetical citation should come after the
closing punctuation mark.
Example:
Jones's (1998) study found the
following:
   Students often had difficulty using
 

APA style, especially when it was

their first time citing sources.
This difficulty could be attributed
to the fact that many students
failed to  purchase a style
manual or to ask their teacher
for help. (p. 199)
NOTE: Try not to overdo the
quotations!
• If you include too many quotations in a
research paper, readers may form the
impression that you cannot think for
yourself.
• Use direct quotations only when a
source is particularly clear or
expressive.
• Similarly, try to avoid too
many long quotations. Or if
you use them, be sure that
you spend time discussing
them in your own words.
• Connect your ideas with
those of your source’s.
Summarize or Paraphrase
If you are paraphrasing an
idea from another work, you
only have to make reference
to the author and year of
publication in your in-text
reference
According to Jones
(1998), APA style is a
difficult citation
format for first-time
learners.
With Direct Quotation
According to Jones (1998),
"Students often had difficulty
using APA style, especially when it
was their first time" (p. 199).
Paraphrased
According to Jones (1998), APA
style is a difficult citation format
for first-time learners.
 Parenthetical
Citations One Author
•-Reference in text
•(when the text as a whole needs to be
cited)
•-Last name (year of publication)
•Rowling (2005) argues for
the development of new
curricula.
 Parenthetical
Citations One Author
•-Reference in text
•(when only part of the text, such as an idea
or a quote from a specific page, needs to be
cited)
•-Last name
•(year of publication, page number)

•Rowling (2005, p.189)

Parenthetical Citations
One Author
•-No reference in text
•-(Last name of author, copyright year).

•The development of new

curricula has been argued
before (Rowling, 2005).
Parenthetical Citations
Two Authors
•- When a work has two authors, always cite both.
•Reference in text
•-Last names of authors separated by “and” (year
of publication)

•Rowling and Cramer (2005) argue for

the development of new curricula.
Parenthetical Citations
Two Authors
•- When a work has two authors, always cite
both.
•No reference in text
•-Last names of authors separated by ampersand,
year of publication

•The development of new curricula has

been argued before (Rowling & Cramer,
2005).
Parenthetical Citations
3 to 5 Authors
•- When a work has three or more authors,
always cite all the authors the first time the
text is used. Thereafter, use the first author’s
last name followed by et al.
•- Omit year upon third time citing source.
•Reference in text
- Last names of authors separated with and
before final name, (year of publication)
Parenthetical Citations
3 to 5 Authors
•Example:
• Rowling, Dowling, Benis,
George, and Cramer (2005)
argue for the development of
new curricula.
• Rowling et al. (2005) argue . . .
• Rowling et al. argue . . .
Parenthetical Citations
3 to 5 Authors
•No reference in text
- Last names of authors separated with an ampersand
before final name, year of publication
• The development of new curricula has been argued
before (Rowling, Dowling, Benis, George, &
Cramer, 2005).
• The development of new curricula has been argued
before (Rowling et al., 2005).
• The development of new curricula has been argued
before (Rowling et al.).
Parenthetical Citations
6 or more Authors
•-When a work has 6 or more authors, cite just the
last name of the first author followed by “et al.” and
year for the first and all other citations
•Reference in text
•Johnson et al. (2005) argue …

•No reference in text

•It was argued that…(Johnson et al., 2005)
 Parenthetical Citations
Works without an Author
•-When a work is signed “Anonymous,” cite
the word “Anonymous.”
•-(Anonymous, year)
•Example:
•Statistics show a higher incidence of
criminal activity during the summer months
(Anonymous, 2007).
 Parenthetical Citations
Works without an Author
•-Italicize the title of a book or
periodical.
•(Title of Book, or Title of Periodical,
year, page number)
•Example:
•Statistics show a higher incidence of
criminal activity during summer months
(New Yorker, 2007, p. 97).
Parenthetical Citations
Group as Authors
•Corporations, associations, government agencies, research
groups, etc. are usually listed each time they are used in text,
unless an abbreviation makes the group easily recognizable.
•Reference in the text
•First time mentioned: Full name (year).
•The Department of Education (DepEd) reports…(2002).
•Subsequent mentions: abbreviation (year).
•The DepEd reports…(2002).
Parenthetical Citations
Group as Authors
•Not reference in the text
•First time mentioned (full name, year)
•(Department of Education [DepEd], 2002).

•Subsequent mentions (abbreviation, year)

•(DepEd, 2002).
•If the name is not easily recognizable by an abbreviation,
such as the University of Iowa, the group must be spelled out
each time it is mentioned.
Parenthetical Citations
Other Format
•When no date is apparent, use n.d. in place of the
date position.
•Example: (Webber, n.d.) stated that…
•Sometimes there is a need to cite multiple sources
because that idea/concept is repeated in several
sources. The citations are included in the same
parenthetical, in alphabetical order.
•Example: (Brown, 2005; Lang, 2013; Smothers,
2003; & Wills, 2004).
Reference
List
Purdue University Writing Lab
Difference between reference
list and bibliography
•A reference list includes just
the books, articles, and web
pages etc. that are cited in the
text of the document.
•A bibliography includes all
sources consulted for
background reading.
Reference List
• Used to indicate where information presented in the
paper can be retrieved.
• Only include texts cited in the paper.
• Listed alphabetically by author or title.
• Reference list begins a new page, with “References”
centered at top of page.
• The first line of an entry is at the left margin, and
subsequent lines are indented one-half inch (hanging
indent).
• Double-space all reference entries.
 Reference Page
Most citations should
contain the following
basic information:
• Author’s name
• Title of work
• Publication
information
Purdue University Writing Lab
 References: Some Examples
• Book
Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam:
Combat trauma and the undoing of
character. New York: Touchstone.
• Article in a Magazine
Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days.
The New Yorker, 40-45.
Purdue University Writing Lab
References: Some Examples
• Web page
Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot
button. Roughcut. Retrieved October 28,
1998 from http://www.roughcut.com

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References: Some Examples
• A newspaper article
Tommasini, A. (1998, October 27).
Master teachers whose artistry glows in
private. New York Times, p. B2.
• A source with no known author
Cigarette sales fall 30% as California tax
rises. (1999, September 14). New York
Times, p. A17.
Purdue University Writing Lab
 Sample Reference Page
References
American Association for Artificial Intelligence. (2001, March). Retrieved from http://www.aaai.org
Bernstein, B. J. Atomic diplomacy: Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Diplomatic History, 28 (3), 126-129.
Broadway, B. (2002). Pink houses and family taverns. Bloomington, IL: Indiana University Press.
Broadway, B., Carrol, L., Smith, T. (2007). How the lady sings. New York: Harper.
Broadway, B., et al. (2008). How the man sings. New York: Harper.
Crane, N. F. (2003, September). Anarchy at sea. Atlantic Monthly, 50-80.
Creation of the media: Political origins of the media. (1922). Los Angeles: Houghton-Mifflin.
Foreman, R., Bennett, E., & Collins, T. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. The New York Times.
Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., … Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting
smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1
allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 249-267. doi: 10.1080/14622200410001676305
Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health
Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
Jackson, G. (2004). Multiple historic meanings of the Spanish civil war. Science and Society, 68(3), 272-276. Retrieved from the Lexis
Nexis Academic database.
Kramer, C. F. (2003, June 22). A health threat baffling for its lack of a pattern. The New York Times, p. A14.
Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult
happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
Tyson, P. A., & Gordon, M.G. (1998). The Psychology of women. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 46, 361-364.
Van Delay, A. (1994). Venetian blinds: Contemporary study of compulsive lying. New York: Pendant Publishing.
Van Delay, A. (1997). Seinfeld: The show about nothing. New York: Penguin Books.