1

Arrays and Vectors

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 2

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Arrays
7.3 Declaring Arrays
7.4 Examples Using Arrays
7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions
7.6 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades
7.7 Searching Arrays with Linear Search
7.8 Sorting Arrays with Insertion Sort
7.9 Multidimensional Arrays
7.10 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional Array
7.11 Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector
7.12 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Collaboration
Among Objects in the ATM System
7.13 Wrap-Up

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 3

7.1 Introduction
• Arrays
– Data structures containing related data items of same type
– Always remain the same size once created
• Are “static” entities
– Character arrays can also represent strings
– C-style pointer-based arrays vs. vectors (object-based)
• Vectors are safer and more versatile

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 4

7.2 Arrays
• Array
– Consecutive group of memory locations
• All of which have the same type
– Index
• Position number used to refer to a specific location/element
• Also called subscript
• Place in square brackets
– Must be positive integer or integer expression
• First element has index zero
• Example (assume a = 5 and b = 6)
– c[ a + b ] += 2;
• Adds 2 to array element c[ 11 ]

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 5

Fig.7.1 | Array of 12 elements

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 6

7.2 Arrays (Cont.)

• Examine array c in Fig. 7.1
– c is the array name
– c has 12 elements ( c[0], c[1], … c[11] )
• The value of c[0] is –45
• Brackets used to enclose an array subscript are
actually an operator in C++

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 7

7.3 Declaring Arrays

• Declaring an array
– Arrays occupy space in memory
– Programmer specifies type and number of elements
• Example
– int c[ 12 ];
• c is an array of 12 ints
– Array’s size must be an integer constant greater than zero
– Arrays can be declared to contain values of any non-
reference data type
– Multiple arrays of the same type can be declared in a single
declaration
• Use a comma-separated list of names and sizes

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 8

7.4 Examples Using Arrays

• Using a loop to initialize the array’s elements
– Declare array, specify number of elements
– Use repetition statement to loop for each element
• Use body of repetition statement to initialize each individual
array element

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1 // Fig. 7.3: fig07_03.cpp
9
2 // Initializing an array.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6 fig07_03.cpp
7 #include <iomanip>
8 using std::setw; (1 of 2)
Declare n as an array of
9
ints with 10 elements
10 int main()
11 {
12 int n[ 10 ]; // n is an array of 10 integers
Each int initialized is to 0
13
14 // initialize elements of array n to 0
15 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
16 n[ i ] = 0; // set element at location i to 0
17
18 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;

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19
10
20 // output each array element's value
Outline
21 for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
22 cout << setw( 7 ) << j << setw( 13 ) << n[ j ] << endl;
23
24 return 0; // indicates successful termination fig07_03.cpp
25 } // end main
(2 of 2)
Element Value
0 0 n[ j ] returns int associated
1 0 with index j in array n
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0 Each int has been initialized to 0
7 0
8 0
9 0

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 11

7.4 Examples Using Arrays (Cont.)

• Initializing an array in a declaration with an
initializer list
– Initializer list
• Items enclosed in braces ({})
• Items in list separated by commas
• Example
– int n[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };
• Because array size is omitted in the declaration, the
compiler determines the size of the array based on
the size of the initializer list
• Creates a five-element array
• Index values are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
• Initialized to values 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, respectively

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 12

7.4 Examples Using Arrays (Cont.)

• Initializing an array in a declaration with an
initializer list (Cont.)
– If fewer initializers than elements in the array
• Remaining elements are initialized to zero
• Example
– int n[ 10 ] = { 0 };
• Explicitly initializes first element to zero
• Implicitly initializes remaining nine elements to zero
– If more initializers than elements in the array
• Compilation error

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1 // Fig. 7.4: fig07_04.cpp
13
2 // Initializing an array in a declaration.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6 fig07_04.cpp
7 #include <iomanip>
8 using std::setw; Declare n as an array of ints (1 of 2)
9
10 int main() Compiler uses initializer
11 { list to initialize array
12 // use initializer list to initialize array n
13 int n[ 10 ] = { 32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14, 90, 70, 60, 37 };
14
15 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;

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16
14
17 // output each array element's value
Outline
18 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
19 cout << setw( 7 ) << i << setw( 13 ) << n[ i ] << endl;
20
21 return 0; // indicates successful termination fig07_04.cpp
22 } // end main
(2 of 2)
Element Value
0 32
1 27
2 64
3 18
4 95
5 14
6 90
7 70
8 60
9 37

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 15

7.4 Examples Using Arrays (Cont.)

• Specifying an array’s size with a constant
variable and setting array elements with
calculations
– Initialize elements of 10-element array to even integers
– Use repetition statement that calculates value for current
element, initializes array element using calculated value

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1 // Fig. 7.5: fig07_05.cpp
16
2
3
// Set array s to the even integers from 2 to 20.
#include <iostream>
Outline
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6
fig07_05.cpp
7 #include <iomanip>
8 using std::setw;
(1 of 2)
9 Declare constant variable arraySize
10 int main() using the const keyword
11 {
12 // constant variable can be used to specify array size
13 const int arraySize = 10; Declare array that contains 10 ints
14
15 int s[ arraySize ]; // array s has 10 elements
16
17 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ ) // set the values
18 s[ i ] = 2 + 2 * i;

Use array index to assign element’s value

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19
17
20
21
cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;
Outline
22 // output contents of array s in tabular format
23 for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize; j++ )
24 cout << setw( 7 ) << j << setw( 13 ) << s[ j ] << endl;
fig07_05.cpp
25
26 return 0; // indicates successful termination
27 } // end main
(2 of 2)
Element Value
0 2
1 4
2 6
3 8
4 10
5 12
6 14
7 16
8 18
9 20

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 18

7.4 Examples Using Arrays (Cont.)

• Constant variables
– Declared using the const qualifier
– Also called name constants or read-only variables
– Must be initialized with a constant expression when they
are declared and cannot be modified thereafter
– Can be placed anywhere a constant expression is expected
– Using constant variables to specify array sizes makes
programs more scalable and eliminates “magic numbers”

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1 // Fig. 7.6: fig07_06.cpp
19
2 // Using a properly initialized constant variable.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6 fig07_06.cpp
7 int main() Declaring constant value
8 { (1 of 1)
9 const int x = 7; // initialized constant variable
10
11 cout << "The value of constant variable x is: " << x << endl;
12
13 return 0; // indicates successful termination
14 } // end main

The value of constant variable x is: 7

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1 // Fig. 7.7: fig07_07.cpp
20
2
3
// A const variable must be initialized.
Outline
4 int main()
Must initialize a constant at the time of declaration
5 {
6 const int x; // Error: x must be initialized
fig07_07.cpp
7 Cannot modify a constant
8 x = 7; // Error: cannot modify a const variable
9
(1 of 1)
10 return 0; // indicates successful termination
11 } // end main
Borland C++ command-line compiler error message:

Error E2304 fig07_07.cpp 6: Constant variable 'x' must be initialized

in function main()
Error E2024 fig07_07.cpp 8: Cannot modify a const object in function main()

Microsoft Visual C++.NET compiler error message:

C:\cpphtp5_examples\ch07\fig07_07.cpp(6) : error C2734: 'x' : const object

must be initialized if not extern
C:\cpphtp5_examples\ch07\fig07_07.cpp(8) : error C2166: l-value specifies
const object

GNU C++ compiler error message:

fig07_07.cpp:6: error: uninitialized const `x' Error messages differ based

fig07_07.cpp:8: error: assignment of read-only variable `x'
on the compiler

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Inc. All rights reserved.
 21

7.4 Examples Using Arrays (Cont.)

• Summing the elements of an array
– Array elements can represent a series of values
• We can sum these values
• Use repetition statement to loop through each element
– Add element value to a total

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1 // Fig. 7.8: fig07_08.cpp
22
2 // Compute the sum of the elements of the array.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6 fig07_08.cpp
7 int main()
8 { (1 of 1)
9 const int arraySize = 10; // constant variable indicating size of array
10 int a[ arraySize ] = { 87, 68, 94, 100, 83, 78, 85, 91, 76, 87 };
11 int total = 0;
12
Declare array with initializer list
13 // sum contents of array a
14 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
15 total += a[ i ];
16 Sum all array values
17 cout << "Total of array elements: " << total << endl;
18
19 return 0; // indicates successful termination
20 } // end main

Total of array elements: 849

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 23

7.4 Examples Using Arrays (Cont.)

• Using bar charts to display array data
graphically
– Present data in graphical manner
• E.g., bar chart
– Examine the distribution of grades
– Nested for statement used to output bars

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1 // Fig. 7.9: fig07_09.cpp
24
2 // Bar chart printing program.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6 fig07_09.cpp
7 #include <iomanip>
8 using std::setw; (1 of 2)
9
10 int main()
11 {
12 const int arraySize = 11;
13 int n[ arraySize ] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 4, 2, 1 };
14
15 cout << "Grade distribution:" << endl;
16 Declare array with initializer list
17 // for each element of array n, output a bar of the chart
18 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
19 {
20 // output bar labels ("0-9:", ..., "90-99:", "100:" )
21 if ( i == 0 )
22 cout << " 0-9: ";
23 else if ( i == 10 )
24 cout << " 100: ";
25 else
26 cout << i * 10 << "-" << ( i * 10 ) + 9 << ": ";

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27
25
28
29
// print bar of asterisks
for ( int stars = 0; stars < n[ i ]; stars++ )
Outline
30 cout << '*';
31
32 For
cout << endl; // start a new line of outputeach array element, print the
fig07_09.cpp
33 } // end outer for associated number of asterisks
34
35 return 0; // indicates successful termination
(2 of 2)
36 } // end main

Grade distribution:
0-9:
10-19:
20-29:
30-39:
40-49:
50-59:
60-69: *
70-79: **
80-89: ****
90-99: **
100: *

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 26

7.4 Examples Using Arrays (Cont.)

• Using the elements of an array as counters
– Use a series of counter variables to summarize data
– Counter variables make up an array
– Store frequency values

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1 // Fig. 7.10: fig07_10.cpp
27
2
3
// Roll a six-sided die 6,000,000 times.
#include <iostream>
Outline
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6
fig07_10.cpp
7 #include <iomanip>
8 using std::setw;
9
(1 of 2)
10 #include <cstdlib>
11 using std::rand;
12 using std::srand;
13
14 #include <ctime>
15 using std::time;
16
17 int main() Declare frequency as array of 7 ints
18 {
19 const int arraySize = 7; // ignore element zero
20 int frequency[ arraySize ] = { 0 };
21
22 srand( time( 0 ) ); // seed random number generator
23
Generate 6000000 random
24 // roll die 6,000,000 times; use die value as frequency index integers in range 1 to 6
25 for ( int roll = 1; roll <= 6000000; roll++ )
26 frequency[ 1 + rand() % 6 ]++;

Increment frequency values at the

index associated with the random number

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27
28
28 cout << "Face" << setw( 13 ) << "Frequency" << endl;
Outline
29
30 // output each array element's value
31 for ( int face = 1; face < arraySize; face++ )
32 cout << setw( 4 ) << face << setw( 13 ) << frequency[ face ] fig07_10.cpp
33 << endl;
34 (2 of 2)
35 return 0; // indicates successful termination
36 } // end main

Face Frequency
1 1000167
2 1000149
3 1000152
4 998748
5 999626
6 1001158

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 29

7.4 Examples Using Arrays (Cont.)

• Using arrays to summarize survey results
– 40 students rate the quality of food
• 1-10 rating scale: 1 means awful, 10 means excellent
– Place 40 responses in an array of integers
– Summarize results
– Each element of the array used as a counter for one of the
survey responses
• C++ has no array bounds checking
– Does not prevent the computer from referring to an
element that does not exist
• Could lead to serious execution-time errors

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1 // Fig. 7.11: fig07_11.cpp
30
2
3
// Student poll program.
#include <iostream>
Outline
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6
fig07_11.cpp
7 #include <iomanip>
8 using std::setw;
9
(1 of 2)
10 int main() Array responses will
11 {
store 40 responses
12 // define array sizes
13 const int responseSize = 40; // size of array responses
14 const int frequencySize = 11; // size of array frequency
15
Array frequency will contain 11
16 // place survey responses in array responses ints (ignore the first element)
17 const int responses[ responseSize ] = { 1, 2, 6, 4, 8, 5, 9, 7, 8,
18 10, 1, 6, 3, 8, 6, 10, 3, 8, 2, 7, 6, 5, 7, 6, 8, 6, 7,
19 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 6, 4, 8, 6, 8, 10 };
Initialize responses
20
with 40 responses
21 // initialize frequency counters to 0
22 int frequency[ frequencySize ] = { 0 };
23
Initialize frequency to all 0s
24 // for each answer, select responses element and use that value
25 // as frequency subscript to determine element to increment
26 for ( int answer = 0; answer < responseSize; answer++ )
27 frequency[ responses[ answer ] ]++;
28 For each response, increment
29 cout << "Rating" << setw( 17 ) << "Frequency" << frequency value at the index
endl;
associated with that response
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30
31
31 // output each array element's value
Outline
32 for ( int rating = 1; rating < frequencySize; rating++ )
33 cout << setw( 6 ) << rating << setw( 17 ) << frequency[ rating ]
34 << endl;
35 fig07_11.cpp
36 return 0; // indicates successful termination
37 } // end main (2 of 2)
Rating Frequency
1 2
2 2
3 2
4 2
5 5
6 11
7 5
8 7
9 1
10 3

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 32

Good Programming Practice 7.3

Strive for program clarity. It is sometimes

worthwhile to trade off the most efficient use
of memory or processor time in favor of
writing clearer programs.

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 33

Common Programming Error 7.8

Referring to an element outside the array bounds

is an execution-time logic error. It is not a syntax
error.

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 34

7.4 Examples Using Arrays (Cont.)

• Using character arrays to store and manipulate
strings
– Arrays may be of any type, including chars
• We can store character strings in char arrays
– Can be initialized using a string literal
• Example
– char string1[] = "Hi";
• Equivalent to
– char string1[] = { 'H', 'i', '\0' };
– Array contains each character plus a special string-
termination character called the null character ('\0')

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 35

7.4 Examples Using Arrays (Cont.)

• Using character arrays to store and manipulate
strings (Cont.)
– Can also be initialized with individual character constants
in an initializer list
char string1[] =
{ 'f', 'i', 'r', 's', 't', '\0' };
– Can also input a string directly into a character array from
the keyboard using cin and >>
cin >> string1;
• cin >> may read more characters than the array can store
– A character array representing a null-terminated string
can be output with cout and <<

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1 // Fig. 7.12: fig07_12.cpp
36
2 // Treating character arrays as strings.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::cin;
6 using std::endl; fig07_12.cpp
7
8 int main() (1 of 2)
9 {
10 char string1[ 20 ]; // reserves 20 characters
11 char string2[] = "string literal"; // reserves 15 characters
12
13 // read string from user into array string1 Store "string literal"
14 cout << "Enter the string \"hello there\": "; as an array of characters
15 cin >> string1; // reads "hello" [space terminates input]
16 Initializing an array of
17 // output strings characters using cin
18 cout << "string1 is: " << string1 << "\nstring2 is: " << string2;
19
20 cout << "\nstring1 with spaces between characters is:\n";
21

Output array using cin

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22 // output characters until null character is reached
37
23
24
for ( int i = 0; string1[ i ] != '\0'; i++ )
Outline
cout << string1[ i ] << ' '; Loop until the terminating
25
null character is reached
26 cin >> string1; // reads "there"
27 cout << "\nstring1 is: " << string1 << endl;
fig07_12.cpp
28 Accessing specific
29 return 0; // indicates successful termination characters in the array (2 of 2)
30 } // end main

Enter the string "hello there": hello there

string1 is: hello
string2 is: string literal
string1 with spaces between characters is:
h e l l o
string1 is: there

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 38

7.4 Examples Using Arrays (Cont.)

• static local arrays and automatic local arrays
– A static local variable in a function
• Exists for the duration of the program
• But is visible only in the function body
– A static local array
• Exists for the duration of the program
• Is initialized when its declaration is first encountered
– All elements are initialized to zero if not explicitly
initialized
• This does not happen for automatic local arrays

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1 // Fig. 7.13: fig07_13.cpp
39
2 // Static arrays are initialized to zero.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6 fig07_13.cpp
7 void staticArrayInit( void ); // function prototype
8 void automaticArrayInit( void ); // function prototype (1 of 3)
9
10 int main()
11 {
12 cout << "First call to each function:\n";
13 staticArrayInit();
14 automaticArrayInit();
15
16 cout << "\n\nSecond call to each function:\n";
17 staticArrayInit();
18 automaticArrayInit();
19 cout << endl;
20
21 return 0; // indicates successful termination
22 } // end main

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23
40
24 // function to demonstrate a static local array
25 void staticArrayInit( void )
Outline
26 {
27 // initializes elements to 0 first time function is called
28 static int array1[ 3 ]; // static local array
fig07_13.cpp
29
30 cout << "\nValues on entering staticArrayInit:\n";
Create a static
(2 of 3) array
31
32 // output contents of array1
using keyword static
33 for ( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ )
34 cout << "array1[" << i << "] = " << array1[ i ] << " ";
35
36 cout << "\nValues on exiting staticArrayInit:\n";
37
38 // modify and output contents of array1
39 for ( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ )
40 cout << "array1[" << j << "] = " << ( array1[ j ] += 5 ) << " ";
41 } // end function staticArrayInit
42
43 // function to demonstrate an automatic local array
44 void automaticArrayInit( void )
45 {
46 // initializes elements each time function is called
47 int array2[ 3 ] = { 1, 2, 3 }; // automatic local array
48
49 cout << "\n\nValues on entering automaticArrayInit:\n";
Create an automatic local array

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50
41
51
52
// output contents of array2
for ( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ )
Outline
53 cout << "array2[" << i << "] = " << array2[ i ] << " ";
54
55 cout << "\nValues on exiting automaticArrayInit:\n";
fig07_13.cpp
56
57 // modify and output contents of array2
58 for ( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ )
(3 of 3)
59 cout << "array2[" << j << "] = " << ( array2[ j ] += 5 ) << " ";
60 } // end function automaticArrayInit

First call to each function:

Values on entering staticArrayInit:

array1[0] = 0 array1[1] = 0 array1[2] = 0
Values on exiting staticArrayInit:
array1[0] = 5 array1[1] = 5 array1[2] = 5

Values on entering automaticArrayInit:

array2[0] = 1 array2[1] = 2 array2[2] = 3
Values on exiting automaticArrayInit:
array2[0] = 6 array2[1] = 7 array2[2] = 8

Second call to each function:

Values on entering staticArrayInit:

array1[0] = 5 array1[1] = 5 array1[2] = 5
Values on exiting staticArrayInit: Values reflect changes from the previous
array1[0] = 10 array1[1] = 10 array1[2] = 10 function call – the array was not reinitialized
Values on entering automaticArrayInit:
array2[0] = 1 array2[1] = 2 array2[2] = 3
Values on exiting automaticArrayInit:
array2[0] = 6 array2[1] = 7 array2[2] = 8

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 42

7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions

• To pass an array argument to a function
– Specify array name without brackets
• Array hourlyTemperatures is declared as
int hourlyTemperatures[ 24 ];
• The function call
modifyArray( hourlyTemperatures, 24 );
passes array hourlyTemperatures and its size to
function modifyArray
– Array size is normally passed as another argument so the
function can process the specific number of elements in the
array

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 43

7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions (Cont.)

• Arrays are passed by reference

– Function call actually passes starting address of array
• So function knows where array is located in memory
– Caller gives called function direct access to caller’s data
• Called function can manipulate this data

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 44

7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions (Cont.)

• Individual array elements passed by value

– Single pieces of data
• Known as scalars or scalar quantities
– To pass an element to a function
• Use the subscripted name of the array element as an
argument
• Functions that take arrays as arguments
– Function parameter list must specify array parameter
• Example
– void modArray( int b[], int arraySize );

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 45

7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions (Cont.)

• Functions that take arrays as arguments (Cont.)

– Array parameter may include the size of the array
• Compiler will ignore it, though
– Compiler only cares about the address of the first
element
• Function prototypes may include parameter
names
– But the compiler will ignore them
– Parameter names may be left out of function prototypes

 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 // Fig. 7.14: fig07_14.cpp
46
2
3
// Passing arrays and individual array elements to functions.
#include <iostream>
Outline
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl; Function takes an array as argument
6
fig07_14.cpp
7 #include <iomanip>
8 using std::setw;
9
(1 of 3)
10 void modifyArray( int [], int ); // appears strange
11 void modifyElement( int );
12
Declare 5-int array array with initializer list
13 int main()
14 {
15 const int arraySize = 5; // size of array a
16 int a[ arraySize ] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 }; // initialize array a
17
18 cout << "Effects of passing entire array by reference:"
19 << "\n\nThe values of the original array are:\n";
20
21 // output original array elements
22 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
23 cout << setw( 3 ) << a[ i ];
24
25 cout << endl;
26
27 // pass array a to modifyArray by reference
28 modifyArray( a, arraySize ); Pass entire array to function
29 cout << "The values of the modified array are:\n"; modifyArray

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30
47
31
32
// output modified array elements
for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize; j++ )
Outline
33 cout << setw( 3 ) << a[ j ];
34
35 cout << "\n\n\nEffects of passing array element by value:"
36 << "\n\na[3] before modifyElement: " << a[ 3 ] << endl;
Pass array element a[ 3 ] to
fig07_14.cpp
37 function modifyElement
38 modifyElement( a[ 3 ] ); // pass array element a[ 3 ] by value
(2 of 3)
39 cout << "a[3] after modifyElement: " << a[ 3 ] << endl;
40
41 return 0; // indicates successful termination
42 } // end main
43
Function
44 // in function modifyArray, "b" points to the original array "a" modifyArray
in memory
45 void modifyArray( int b[], int sizeOfArray ) manipulates the array directly
46 {
47 // multiply each array element by 2
48 for ( int k = 0; k < sizeOfArray; k++ )
49 b[ k ] *= 2;
50 } // end function modifyArray

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51
48
52 // in function modifyElement, "e" is a local copy of
Outline
53 // array element a[ 3 ] passed from main
54 void modifyElement( int e ) Function modifyElement
55 { manipulates array element’s copy
56 // multiply parameter by 2 fig07_14.cpp
57 cout << "Value of element in modifyElement: " << ( e *= 2 ) << endl;
58 } // end function modifyElement (3 of 3)
Effects of passing entire array by reference:

The values of the original array are:

0 1 2 3 4
The values of the modified array are:
0 2 4 6 8

Effects of passing array element by value:

a[3] before modifyElement: 6

Value of element in modifyElement: 12
a[3] after modifyElement: 6

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 49

7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions (Cont.)

•const array parameters

– Qualifier const
– Prevent modification of array values in the caller by
code in the called function
– Elements in the array are constant in the function body
– Enables programmer to prevent accidental modification
of data

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1 // Fig. 7.15: fig07_15.cpp
50
2 // Demonstrating the const type qualifier.
Outline
3 #include <iostream> Using const to prevent the
4 using std::cout; function from modifying the array
5 using std::endl;
6 fig07_15.cpp
7 void tryToModifyArray( const int [] ); // function prototype
8 (1 of 2)
9 int main()
Array a will be const when in
10 {
the body of the function
11 int a[] = { 10, 20, 30 };
12
13 tryToModifyArray( a );
14 cout << a[ 0 ] << ' ' << a[ 1 ] << ' ' << a[ 2 ] << '\n';
15
16 return 0; // indicates successful termination
17 } // end main
18

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19 // In function tryToModifyArray, "b" cannot be used
51
20 // to modify the original array "a" in main.
Outline
21 void tryToModifyArray( const int b[] )
22 {
23 b[ 0 ] /= 2; // error
Array cannot be modified; it is
24 b[ 1 ] /= 2; // error fig07_15.cpp
25 b[ 2 ] /= 2; // error
const within the body function
26 } // end function tryToModifyArray (2 of 2)
Borland C++ command-line compiler error message:

Error E2024 fig07_15.cpp 23: Cannot modify a const object

in function tryToModifyArray(const int * const)
Error E2024 fig07_15.cpp 24: Cannot modify a const object
in function tryToModifyArray(const int * const)
Error E2024 fig07_15.cpp 25: Cannot modify a const object
in function tryToModifyArray(const int * const)

Microsoft Visual C++.NET compiler error message:

C:\cpphtp5_examples\ch07\fig07_15.cpp(23) : error C2166: l-value specifies

const object
C:\cpphtp5_examples\ch07\fig07_15.cpp(24) : error C2166: l-value specifies
const object
C:\cpphtp5_examples\ch07\fig07_15.cpp(25) : error C2166: l-value specifies
const object

GNU C++ compiler error message:

fig07_15.cpp:23: error: assignment of read-only location

fig07_15.cpp:24: error: assignment of read-only location
fig07_15.cpp:25: error: assignment of read-only location

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 52
7.6 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using
an Array to Store Grades
• Class GradeBook
– Represent a grade book that stores and analyzes grades
– Can now store grades in an array
• static data members
– Also called class variables
– Variables for which each object of a class does not have a
separate copy
• One copy is shared among all objects of the class
– Can be accessed even when no objects of the class exist
• Use the class name followed by the binary scope resolution
operator and the name of the static data member

 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 // Fig. 7.16: GradeBook.h
53
2
3
// Definition of class GradeBook that uses an array to store test grades.
// Member functions are defined in GradeBook.cpp
Outline
4
5 #include <string> // program uses C++ Standard Library string class
6 using std::string;
fig07_16.cpp
7 students is a static class variable
8 // GradeBook class definition
(1 of 1)
9 class GradeBook Number of students we
10 { will be keeping track of
11 public:
12 // constant -- number of students who took the test
13 const static int students = 10; // note public data
14
15 // constructor initializes course name and array of grades
16 GradeBook( string, const int [] );
17
18 void setCourseName( string ); // function to set the course name
19 string getCourseName(); // function to retrieve the course name
20 void displayMessage(); // display a welcome message
21 void processGrades(); // perform various operations on the grade data
22 int getMinimum(); // find the minimum grade for the test
23 int getMaximum(); // find the maximum grade for the test
24 double getAverage(); // determine the average grade for the test
25 void outputBarChart(); // output bar chart of grade distribution
26 void outputGrades(); // output the contents of the grades array
27 private:
28 string courseName; // course name for this grade book Declare array grades to
29 int grades[ students ]; // array of student grades store individual grades
30 }; // end class GradeBook

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1 // Fig. 7.17: GradeBook.cpp
54
2
3
// Member-function definitions for class GradeBook that
// uses an array to store test grades.
Outline
4 #include <iostream>
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::cin;
fig07_17.cpp
7 using std::endl;
8 using std::fixed;
9
(1 of 6)
10 #include <iomanip>
11 using std::setprecision;
12 using std::setw;
13
14 #include "GradeBook.h" // GradeBook class definition
15
16 // constructor initializes courseName and grades array
17 GradeBook::GradeBook( string name, const int gradesArray[] )
18 {
19 setCourseName( name ); // initialize courseName
20
21 // copy grades from gradeArray to grades data member
22 for ( int grade = 0; grade < students; grade++ )
Copy elements from gradesArray
23 grades[ grade ] = gradesArray[ grade ]; to data member grades
24 } // end GradeBook constructor
25
26 // function to set the course name
27 void GradeBook::setCourseName( string name )
28 {
29 courseName = name; // store the course name
30 } // end function setCourseName

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31
55
32 // function to retrieve the course name
33 string GradeBook::getCourseName()
Outline
34 {
35 return courseName;
36 } // end function getCourseName
fig07_17.cpp
37
38 // display a welcome message to the GradeBook user
39 void GradeBook::displayMessage()
(2 of 6)
40 {
41 // this statement calls getCourseName to get the
42 // name of the course this GradeBook represents
43 cout << "Welcome to the grade book for\n" << getCourseName() << "!"
44 << endl;
45 } // end function displayMessage
46
47 // perform various operations on the data
48 void GradeBook::processGrades()
49 {
50 // output grades array
51 outputGrades();
52
53 // call function getAverage to calculate the average grade
54 cout << "\nClass average is " << setprecision( 2 ) << fixed <<
55 getAverage() << endl;
56
57 // call functions getMinimum and getMaximum
58 cout << "Lowest grade is " << getMinimum() << "\nHighest grade is "
59 << getMaximum() << endl;

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60
56
61
62
// call function outputBarChart to print grade distribution chart
outputBarChart();
Outline
63 } // end function processGrades
64
65 // find minimum grade fig07_17.cpp
66 int GradeBook::getMinimum()
67 {
(3 of 6)
68 int lowGrade = 100; // assume lowest grade is 100
69 Loop through grades
70 // loop through grades array
to find the lowest grade
71 for ( int grade = 0; grade < students; grade++ )
72 {
73 // if current grade lower than lowGrade, assign it to lowGrade
74 if ( grades[ grade ] < lowGrade )
75 lowGrade = grades[ grade ]; // new lowest grade
76 } // end for
77
78 return lowGrade; // return lowest grade
79 } // end function getMinimum
80
81 // find maximum grade

82 int GradeBook::getMaximum()

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83 {
57
84
85
int highGrade = 0; // assume highest grade is 0
Outline
Loop through grades to
86 // loop through grades array find the highest grade
87 for ( int grade = 0; grade < students; grade++ )
88 {
fig07_17.cpp
89 // if current grade higher than highGrade, assign it to highGrade
90 if ( grades[ grade ] > highGrade )
91 highGrade = grades[ grade ]; // new highest grade
(4 of 6)
92 } // end for
93
94 return highGrade; // return highest grade
95 } // end function getMaximum
96
97 // determine average grade for test
98 double GradeBook::getAverage()
99 {
100 int total = 0; // initialize total
101
102 // sum grades in array Loop through grades to
103 for ( int grade = 0; grade < students; grade++ ) sum grades for all students
104 total += grades[ grade ];
105
106 // return average of grades
107 return static_cast< double >( total ) / students; Divide the total by the number of
108 } // end function getAverage students to calculate the average grade
109
110 // output bar chart displaying grade distribution
111 void GradeBook::outputBarChart()

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112 {
58
113
114
cout << "\nGrade distribution:" << endl;
Outline
115 // stores frequency of grades in each range of 10 grades
116 const int frequencySize = 11;
117 int frequency[ frequencySize ] = { 0 };
fig07_17.cpp
118
119 // for each grade, increment the appropriate frequency
120 for ( int grade = 0; grade < students; grade++ )
(5 of 6)
121 frequency[ grades[ grade ] / 10 ]++;
122
123 // for each grade frequency, print bar in chart
124 for ( int count = 0; count < frequencySize; count++ ) Loop through grades
125 {
to calculate frequency
126 // output bar labels ("0-9:", ..., "90-99:", "100:" )
127 if ( count == 0 )
128 cout << " 0-9: ";
129 else if ( count == 10 )
130 cout << " 100: ";
131 else
132 cout << count * 10 << "-" << ( count * 10 ) + 9 << ": ";
133
134 // print bar of asterisks
135 for ( int stars = 0; stars < frequency[ count ]; stars++ )
136 cout << '*';
137 Display asterisks to show a
138 cout << endl; // start a new line of output bar for each grade range

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139 } // end outer for
59
140 } // end function outputBarChart
Outline
141
142 // output the contents of the grades array
143 void GradeBook::outputGrades()
144 { fig07_17.cpp
145 cout << "\nThe grades are:\n\n";
146 (6 of 6)
147 // output each student's grade
148 for ( int student = 0; student < students; student++ )
149 cout << "Student " << setw( 2 ) << student + 1 << ": " << setw( 3 )
150 << grades[ student ] << endl;
151 } // end function outputGrades

Displaying each grade

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1 // Fig. 7.18: fig07_18.cpp
60
2 // Creates GradeBook object using an array of grades.
Outline
3
4 #include "GradeBook.h" // GradeBook class definition
5 Use static data member
6 // function main begins program execution students of class GradeBook
fig07_18.cpp
7 int main()
8 { (1 of 2)
9 // array of student grades
10 int gradesArray[ GradeBook::students ] =
11 { 87, 68, 94, 100, 83, 78, 85, 91, 76, 87 };
12
13 GradeBook myGradeBook( Declare and initialize
14 "CS101 Introduction to C++ Programming", gradesArray ); gradesArray with 10 elements
15 myGradeBook.displayMessage();
16 myGradeBook.processGrades();
17 return 0;
18 } // end main Pass gradesArray to GradeBook constructor

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Welcome to the grade book for 61
CS101 Introduction to C++ Programming! Outline
The grades are:

Student 1: 87
Student 2: 68 fig07_18.cpp
Student 3: 94
Student 4: 100
Student 5: 83 (2 of 2)
Student 6: 78
Student 7: 85
Student 8: 91
Student 9: 76
Student 10: 87

Class average is 84.90

Lowest grade is 68
Highest grade is 100

Grade distribution:
0-9:
10-19:
20-29:
30-39:
40-49:
50-59:
60-69: *
70-79: **
80-89: ****
90-99: **
100: *

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 62

7.7 Searching Arrays with Linear Search

• Arrays may store large amounts of data

– May need to determine if certain key value is located in an array
• Linear search
– Compares each element of an array with a search key
– Just as likely that the value will be found in the first element as
the last
• On average, program must compare the search key with half the
elements of the array
– To determine that value is not in array, program must compare
the search key to every element in the array
– Works well for small or unsorted arrays

 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 // Fig. 7.19: fig07_19.cpp
63
2
3
// Linear search of an array.
Outline
#include <iostream> Function takes an array, a key value, and
4 using std::cout;
the size of the array as arguments
5 using std::cin;
6 using std::endl;
fig07_19.cpp
7
8 int linearSearch( const int [], int, int ); // prototype
9
(1 of 2)
10 int main()
11 {
12 const int arraySize = 100; // size of array a
13 int a[ arraySize ]; // create array a
14 int searchKey; // value to locate in array a
15
16 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
17 a[ i ] = 2 * i; // create some data
18
19 cout << "Enter integer search key: ";
20 cin >> searchKey;
21
22 // attempt to locate searchKey in array a
23 int element = linearSearch( a, searchKey, arraySize );
24

Function returns location of

key value, -1 if not found

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25 // display results
64
26
27
if ( element != -1 )
cout << "Found value in element " << element << endl;
Outline
28 else
29 cout << "Value not found" << endl;
30 fig07_19.cpp
31 return 0; // indicates successful termination
32 } // end main
(2 of 2)
33
34 // compare key to every element of array until location is
35 // found or until end of array is reached; return subscript of
36 // element if key or -1 if key not found
37 int linearSearch( const int array[], int key, int sizeOfArray )
38 { Search through entire array
39 for ( int j = 0; j < sizeOfArray; j++ )
40 if ( array[ j ] == key ) // if found,
41 return j; // return location of key
42
Return location if current
43 return -1; // key not found
value equals key value
44 } // end function linearSearch

Enter integer search key: 36

Found value in element 18

Enter integer search key: 37

Value not found

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 65

7.8 Sorting Arrays with Insertion Sort

• Sorting data
– One of the most important computing applications
• Virtually every organization must sort some data
• Insertion sort
– Simple but inefficient
– First iteration takes second element
• If it is less than the first element, swap it with first element
– Second iteration looks at the third element
• Insert it into the correct position with respect to first two
elements
– …
– At the ith iteration of this algorithm, the first i elements in
the original array will be sorted

 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 // Fig. 7.20: fig07_20.cpp
66
2
3
// This program sorts an array's values into ascending order.
#include <iostream>
Outline
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6
fig07_20.cpp
7 #include <iomanip>
8 using std::setw;
9
(1 of 2)
10 int main()
11 {
12 const int arraySize = 10; // size of array a
13 int data[ arraySize ] = { 34, 56, 4, 10, 77, 51, 93, 30, 5, 52 };
14 int insert; // temporary variable to hold element to insert
15
16 cout << "Unsorted array:\n";
17
18 // output original array
19 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
20 cout << setw( 4 ) << data[ i ];
21 For each array element
22 // insertion sort
23 // loop over the elements of the array
24 for ( int next = 1; next < arraySize; next++ )
25 {
26 insert = data[ next ]; // store the value in the current element
27
28 int moveItem = next; // initialize location to place element

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29
67
30
31
// search for the location in which to put the current element
while ( ( moveItem > 0 ) && ( data[ moveItem - 1 ] > insert ) )
Outline
32 {
33 // shift element one slot to the right
34 data[ moveItem ] = data[ moveItem - 1 ];
Find location where current
fig07_20.cpp
element should reside
35 moveItem--;
36 } // end while
37
(2 of 2)
38 data[ moveItem ] = insert; // place inserted element into the array
39 } // end for
40
41 cout << "\nSorted array:\n";
42 Place element in proper location
43 // output sorted array
44 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
45 cout << setw( 4 ) << data[ i ];
46
47 cout << endl;
48 return 0; // indicates successful termination
49 } // end main

Unsorted array:
34 56 4 10 77 51 93 30 5 52
Sorted array:
4 5 10 30 34 51 52 56 77 93

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 68

7.9 Multidimensional Array

• Multidimensional arrays with two dimensions
– Called two dimensional or 2-D arrays
– Represent tables of values with rows and columns
– Elements referenced with two subscripts ([ x ][ y ])
– In general, an array with m rows and n columns is called
an m-by-n array
• Multidimensional arrays can have more than two
dimensions

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 69

7.9 Multidimensional Array (Cont.)

• Declaring and initializing two-dimensional arrays
– Declaring two-dimensional array b
• int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 } };
– 1 and 2 initialize b[ 0 ][ 0 ] and b[ 0 ][ 1 ]
– 3 and 4 initialize b[ 1 ][ 0 ] and b[ 1 ][ 1 ]
• int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1 }, { 3, 4 } };
– Row 0 contains values 1 and 0 (implicitly initialized to
zero)
– Row 1 contains values 3 and 4

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 70

Fig.7.21 | Two-dimensional array with three rows and four columns.

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1 // Fig. 7.22: fig07_22.cpp
71
2
3
// Initializing multidimensional arrays.
#include <iostream>
Outline
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6
7 void printArray( const int [][ 3 ] ); // prototype
fig07_22.cpp
8
9 int main() (1 of 2)
10 {
11 int array1[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };
12 int array2[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; Use nested array initializers
13 int array3[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { { 1, 2 }, { 4 } }; to initialize arrays
14
15 cout << "Values in array1 by row are:" << endl;
16 printArray( array1 );
17
18 cout << "\nValues in array2 by row are:" << endl;
19 printArray( array2 );
20
21 cout << "\nValues in array3 by row are:" << endl;
22 printArray( array3 );
23 return 0; // indicates successful termination
24 } // end main

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25
72
26 // output array with two rows and three columns
27 void printArray( const int a[][ 3 ] )
Outline
28 {
29 // loop through array's rows
30 for ( int i = 0; i < 2; i++ )
fig07_22.cpp
31 {
32 // loop through columns of current row
(2 of 2)
33 for ( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ ) Use nested for loops to print array
34 cout << a[ i ][ j ] << ' ';
35
36 cout << endl; // start new line of output
37 } // end outer for
38 } // end function printArray

Values in array1 by row are:

1 2 3
4 5 6
Values in array2 by row are:
1 2 3
4 5 0
Values in array3 by row are:
1 2 0
4 0 0

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 73

7.9 Multidimensional Array (Cont.)

• Multidimensional array parameters
– Size of first dimension is not required
• As with a one-dimensional array
– Size of subsequent dimensions are required
• Compiler must know how many elements to skip to move to the
second element in the first dimension
– Example
• void printArray( const int a[][ 3 ] );
– Function will skip row 0’s 3 elements to access row 1’s
elements (a[ 1 ][ x ])

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 74

7.9 Multidimensional Array (Cont.)

• Multidimensional-array manipulations
– Commonly performed with for statements
• Example
– Modify all elements in a row
• for ( int col = 0; col < 4; col++ )
a[ 2 ][ col ] = 0;
• Example
– Total all elements
• total = 0;
for ( row = 0; row < 3; row++ )
for ( col = 0; col < 4; col++ )
total += a[ row ][ col ];

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 75
7.10 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using
a Two-Dimensional Array
• Class GradeBook
– One-dimensional array
• Store student grades on a single exam
– Two-dimensional array
• Store multiple grades for a single student and multiple
students for the class as a whole
– Each row represents a student’s grades
– Each column represents all the grades the students
earned for one particular exam

 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 // Fig. 7.23: GradeBook.h
76
2 // Definition of class GradeBook that uses a
Outline
3 // two-dimensional array to store test grades.
4 // Member functions are defined in GradeBook.cpp
5 #include <string> // program uses C++ Standard Library string class
6 using std::string; fig07_23.cpp
7
8 // GradeBook class definition (1 of 2)
9 class GradeBook
10 {
11 public:
12 // constants
13 const static int students = 10; // number of students
14 const static int tests = 3; // number of tests
15
16 // constructor initializes course name and array of grades
17 GradeBook( string, const int [][ tests ] );

GradeBook constructor accepts a

string and a two-dimensional array

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18
77
19 void setCourseName( string ); // function to set the course name
Outline
20 string getCourseName(); // function to retrieve the course name
21 void displayMessage(); // display a welcome message
22 void processGrades(); // perform various operations on the grade data
23 int getMinimum(); // find the minimum grade in the grade book fig07_23.cpp
24 int getMaximum(); // find the maximum grade in the grade book
25 double getAverage( const int [], const int ); // find average of grades (2 of 2)
26 void outputBarChart(); // output bar chart of grade distribution
27 void outputGrades(); // output the contents of the grades array
28 private:
29 string courseName; // course name for this grade book
30 int grades[ students ][ tests ]; // two-dimensional array of grades
31 }; // end class GradeBook

Declare two-dimensional array grades

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1 // Fig. 7.24: GradeBook.cpp
78
2
3
// Member-function definitions for class GradeBook that
// uses a two-dimensional array to store grades.
Outline
4 #include <iostream>
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::cin;
fig07_24.cpp
7 using std::endl;
8 using std::fixed;
9
(1 of 7)
10 #include <iomanip> // parameterized stream manipulators
11 using std::setprecision; // sets numeric output precision
12 using std::setw; // sets field width
13
14 // include definition of class GradeBook from GradeBook.h
15 #include "GradeBook.h"
16
17 // two-argument constructor initializes courseName and grades array
18 GradeBook::GradeBook( string name, const int gradesArray[][ tests ] )
19 {
20 setCourseName( name ); // initialize courseName Use nested for loops to copy elements
21 from gradesArray to grades
22 // copy grades from gradeArray to grades
23 for ( int student = 0; student < students; student++ )
24
25 for ( int test = 0; test < tests; test++ )
26 grades[ student ][ test ] = gradesArray[ student ][ test ];
27 } // end two-argument GradeBook constructor
28

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29 // function to set the course name
79
30 void GradeBook::setCourseName( string name )
31 {
Outline
32 courseName = name; // store the course name
33 } // end function setCourseName
34
fig07_24.cpp
35 // function to retrieve the course name
36 string GradeBook::getCourseName()
37 {
(2 of 7)
38 return courseName;
39 } // end function getCourseName
40
41 // display a welcome message to the GradeBook user
42 void GradeBook::displayMessage()
43 {
44 // this statement calls getCourseName to get the
45 // name of the course this GradeBook represents
46 cout << "Welcome to the grade book for\n" << getCourseName() << "!"
47 << endl;
48 } // end function displayMessage
49
50 // perform various operations on the data
51 void GradeBook::processGrades()
52 {
53 // output grades array
54 outputGrades();
55
56 // call functions getMinimum and getMaximum
57 cout << "\nLowest grade in the grade book is " << getMinimum()
58 << "\nHighest grade in the grade book is " << getMaximum() << endl;

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59
80
60
61
// output grade distribution chart of all grades on all tests
outputBarChart();
Outline
62 } // end function processGrades
63
64 // find minimum grade
fig07_24.cpp
65 int GradeBook::getMinimum()
66 {
67 int lowGrade = 100; // assume lowest grade is 100
(3 of 7)
68
69 // loop through rows of grades array
70 for ( int student = 0; student < students; student++ )
71 {
72 // loop through columns of current row
73 for ( int test = 0; test < tests; test++ )
74 {
75 // if current grade less than lowGrade, assign it to lowGrade
76 if ( grades[ student ][ test ] < lowGrade )
77 lowGrade = grades[ student ][ test ]; // new lowest grade
78 } // end inner for
79 } // end outer for
80
Loop through rows and columns of grades
81 return lowGrade; // return lowest grade to find the lowest grade of any student
82 } // end function getMinimum
83

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84 // find maximum grade 81
85 int GradeBook::getMaximum() Outline
86 {
87 int highGrade = 0; // assume highest grade is 0
88
89 // loop through rows of grades array fig07_24.cpp
90 for ( int student = 0; student < students; student++ )
91 { (4 of 7)
92 // loop through columns of current row
93 for ( int test = 0; test < tests; test++ )
94 {
95 // if current grade greater than lowGrade, assign it to highGrade
96 if ( grades[ student ][ test ] > highGrade )
97 highGrade = grades[ student ][ test ]; // new highest grade
98 } // end inner for
99 } // end outer for
100 Loop through rows and columns of grades
101 return highGrade; // return highest grade to find the highest grade of any student
102 } // end function getMaximum
103
104 // determine average grade for particular set of grades
105 double GradeBook::getAverage( const int setOfGrades[], const int grades )
106 {
107 int total = 0; // initialize total
108
109 // sum grades in array
110 for ( int grade = 0; grade < grades; grade++ )
111 total += setOfGrades[ grade ];
112
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113 // return average of grades
82
114 return static_cast< double >( total ) / grades;
115 } // end function getAverage
Outline
116
117 // output bar chart displaying grade distribution
118 void GradeBook::outputBarChart()
fig07_24.cpp
119 {
120 cout << "\nOverall grade distribution:" << endl;
121
(5 of 7)
122 // stores frequency of grades in each range of 10 grades
123 const int frequencySize = 11;
124 int frequency[ frequencySize ] = { 0 };
125
126 // for each grade, increment the appropriate frequency
127 for ( int student = 0; student < students; student++ )
128
129 for ( int test = 0; test < tests; test++ )
130 ++frequency[ grades[ student ][ test ] / 10 ];
131
132 // for each grade frequency, print bar in chart
Calculate the distribution
133 for ( int count = 0; count < frequencySize; count++ )
of all student grades
134 {
135 // output bar label ("0-9:", ..., "90-99:", "100:" )
136 if ( count == 0 )
137 cout << " 0-9: ";
138 else if ( count == 10 )
139 cout << " 100: ";
140 else
141 cout << count * 10 << "-" << ( count * 10 ) + 9 << ": ";
142
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143 // print bar of asterisks
83
144 for ( int stars = 0; stars < frequency[ count ]; stars++ )
Outline
145 cout << '*';
146
147 cout << endl; // start a new line of output
148 } // end outer for fig07_24.cpp
149 } // end function outputBarChart
150 (6 of 7)
151 // output the contents of the grades array
152 void GradeBook::outputGrades()
153 {
154 cout << "\nThe grades are:\n\n";
155 cout << " "; // align column heads
156
157 // create a column heading for each of the tests
158 for ( int test = 0; test < tests; test++ )
159 cout << "Test " << test + 1 << " ";
160
161 cout << "Average" << endl; // student average column heading
162
163 // create rows/columns of text representing array grades
164 for ( int student = 0; student < students; student++ )
165 {
166 cout << "Student " << setw( 2 ) << student + 1;
167

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168 // output student's grades
84
169
170
for ( int test = 0; test < tests; test++ )
cout << setw( 8 ) << grades[ student ][ test ];
Outline
171
172 // call member function getAverage to calculate student's average;
173 // pass row of grades and the value of tests as the arguments
fig07_24.cpp
174 double average = getAverage( grades[ student ], tests );
175 cout << setw( 9 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << fixed << average << endl;
176 } // end outer for
(7 of 7)
177 } // end function outputGrades

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Inc. All rights reserved.
1 // Fig. 7.25: fig07_25.cpp
85
2
3
// Creates GradeBook object using a two-dimensional array of grades.
Outline
4 #include "GradeBook.h" // GradeBook class definition
Declare gradesArray
5
6 // function main begins program execution
as 3-by-10 array
fig07_25.cpp
7 int main()
8 {
9 // two-dimensional array of student grades
(1 of 2)
10 int gradesArray[ GradeBook::students ][ GradeBook::tests ] =
11 { { 87, 96, 70 },
12 { 68, 87, 90 },
13 { 94, 100, 90 },
14 { 100, 81, 82 },
15 { 83, 65, 85 },
16 { 78, 87, 65 },
17 { 85, 75, 83 },
18 { 91, 94, 100 },
19 { 76, 72, 84 },
Each row represents a student; each
20 { 87, 93, 73 } };
column represents an exam grade
21
22 GradeBook myGradeBook(
23 "CS101 Introduction to C++ Programming", gradesArray );
24 myGradeBook.displayMessage();
25 myGradeBook.processGrades();
26 return 0; // indicates successful termination
27 } // end main

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Inc. All rights reserved.
Welcome to the grade book for 86
CS101 Introduction to C++ Programming! Outline
The grades are:

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Average

Student 1 87 96 70 84.33
Student 2 68 87 90 81.67 fig07_25.cpp
Student 3 94 100 90 94.67
Student 4 100 81 82 87.67
Student 5 83 65 85 77.67 (2 of 2)
Student 6 78 87 65 76.67
Student 7 85 75 83 81.00
Student 8 91 94 100 95.00
Student 9 76 72 84 77.33
Student 10 87 93 73 84.33

Lowest grade in the grade book is 65

Highest grade in the grade book is 100

Overall grade distribution:

0-9:
10-19:
20-29:
30-39:
40-49:
50-59:
60-69: ***
70-79: ******
80-89: ***********
90-99: *******
100: ***

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Inc. All rights reserved.
 87
7.11 Introduction to C++ Standard Library
Class Template vector
• C-style pointer-based arrays
– Have great potential for errors and several shortcomings
• C++ does not check whether subscripts fall outside the range
of the array
• Two arrays cannot be meaningfully compared with equality
or relational operators
• One array cannot be assigned to another using the
assignment operators

 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 88
7.11 Introduction to C++ Standard Library
Class Template vector (Cont.)
• Class template vector
– Available to anyone building applications with C++
– Can be defined to store any data type
• Specified between angle brackets in vector< type >
• All elements in a vector are set to 0 by default
– Member function size obtains size of array
• Number of elements as a value of type size_t
– vector objects can be compared using equality and
relational operators
– Assignment operator can be used for assigning vectors

 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 89
7.11 Introduction to C++ Standard Library
Class Template vector (Cont.)
• vector elements can be obtained as an
unmodifiable lvalue or as a modifiable lvalue
– Unmodifiable lvalue
• Expression that identifies an object in memory, but cannot be
used to modify that object
– Modifiable lvalue
• Expression that identifies an object in memory, can be used
to modify the object

 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 90
7.11 Introduction to C++ Standard Library
Class Template vector (Cont.)
• vector member function at
– Provides access to individual elements
– Performs bounds checking
• Throws an exception when specified index is invalid
• Accessing with square brackets does not perform bounds
checking

 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 // Fig. 7.26: fig07_26.cpp
91
2
3
// Demonstrating C++ Standard Library class template vector.
#include <iostream>
Outline
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::cin;
6 using std::endl;
fig07_26.cpp
7 Using const prevents outputVector
8 #include <iomanip> from modifying the vector passed to it(1 of 6)
9 using std::setw;
10
11 #include <vector>
12 using std::vector;
13
14 void outputVector( const vector< int > & ); // display the vector
15 void inputVector( vector< int > & ); // input values into the vector
16
17 int main() These vectors will store ints
18 {
19 vector< int > integers1( 7 ); // 7-element vector< int >
20 vector< int > integers2( 10 ); // 10-element vector< int >
21
22 // print integers1 size and contents
23 cout << "Size of vector integers1 is " << integers1.size()
24 << "\nvector after initialization:" << endl;
25 outputVector( integers1 ); Function size returns number
26 of elements in the vector
27 // print integers2 size and contents
28 cout << "\nSize of vector integers2 is " << integers2.size()
29 << "\nvector after initialization:" << endl;
30 outputVector( integers2 );

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Inc. All rights reserved.
31
92
32
33
// input and print integers1 and integers2
cout << "\nEnter 17 integers:" << endl;
Outline
34 inputVector( integers1 );
35 inputVector( integers2 );
36
fig07_26.cpp
37 cout << "\nAfter input, the vectors contain:\n"
38 << "integers1:" << endl;
39 outputVector( integers1 );
(2 of 6)
40 cout << "integers2:" << endl;
41 outputVector( integers2 );
42
43 // use inequality (!=) operator with vector objects
44 cout << "\nEvaluating: integers1 != integers2" << endl;
45
Comparing vectors using !=
46 if ( integers1 != integers2 )
47 cout << "integers1 and integers2 are not equal" << endl;
48
Copying data from one
49 // create vector integers3 using integers1 as an
50 // initializer; print size and contents
vector to another
51 vector< int > integers3( integers1 ); // copy constructor
52
53 cout << "\nSize of vector integers3 is " << integers3.size()
54 << "\nvector after initialization:" << endl;
55 outputVector( integers3 );
56
57 // use overloaded assignment (=) operator
58 cout << "\nAssigning integers2 to integers1:" << endl;
59 integers1 = integers2; // integers1 is larger than integers2

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60
93
61
62
cout << "integers1:" << endl;
outputVector( integers1 );
Outline
63 cout << "integers2:" << endl;
64 outputVector( integers2 );
65
fig07_26.cpp
66 // use equality (==) operator with vector objects
67 cout << "\nEvaluating: integers1 == integers2" << endl;
68
(3 of 6)
69 if ( integers1 == integers2 ) Comparing vectors using ==
70 cout << "integers1 and integers2 are equal" << endl;
71
72 // use square brackets to create rvalue
73 cout << "\nintegers1[5] is " << integers1[ 5 ]; Displaying a value in the vector
74
75 // use square brackets to create lvalue
76 cout << "\n\nAssigning 1000 to integers1[5]" << endl;
77 integers1[ 5 ] = 1000; Updating a value in the vector
78 cout << "integers1:" << endl;
79 outputVector( integers1 );
80
81 // attempt to use out-of-range subscript
82 cout << "\nAttempt to assign 1000 to integers1.at( 15 )" << endl;
83 integers1.at( 15 ) = 1000; // ERROR: out of range
84 return 0;
85 } // end main

Function at provides bounds checking

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86
94
87 // output vector contents
88 void outputVector( const vector< int > &array )
Outline
89 {
90 size_t i; // declare control variable
91
92 for ( i = 0; i < array.size(); i++ )
fig07_26.cpp
93 {
94 cout << setw( 12 ) << array[ i ]; (4 of 6)
95
96 if ( ( i + 1 ) % 4 == 0 ) // 4 numbers per row of output Display each vector element
97 cout << endl;
98 } // end for
99
100 if ( i % 4 != 0 )
101 cout << endl;
102 } // end function outputVector
103
104 // input vector contents
105 void inputVector( vector< int > &array )
106 {
107 for ( size_t i = 0; i < array.size(); i++ )
108 cin >> array[ i ];
109 } // end function inputVector
Input vector values using cin

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 95
Size of vector integers1 is 7
vector after initialization: Outline
0 0 0 0
0 0 0

Size of vector integers2 is 10

vector after initialization: fig07_26.cpp
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 (5 of 6)
Enter 17 integers:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

After input, the vectors contain:

integers1:
1 2 3 4
5 6 7
integers2:
8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15
16 17

Evaluating: integers1 != integers2

integers1 and integers2 are not equal

Size of vector integers3 is 7

vector after initialization:
1 2 3 4
5 6 7

(continued at top of next slide )

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Inc. All rights reserved.
 ( continued from bottom of previous slide)
96
Assigning integers2 to integers1: Outline
integers1:
8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15
16 17
integers2: fig07_26.cpp
8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15
16 17 (6 of 6)
Evaluating: integers1 == integers2
integers1 and integers2 are equal

integers1[5] is 13

Assigning 1000 to integers1[5]

integers1:
8 9 10 11
12 1000 14 15
16 17

Attempt to assign 1000 to integers1.at( 15 )

abnormal program termination

Call to function at with an invalid
subscript terminates the program

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Inc. All rights reserved.