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Vedic Mathematics: Department of Mathematics Lakshmibai College, University of Delhi

Vedic mathematics is an ancient technique that simplifies complex mathematical operations like multiplication, division, square and cube roots using sutras or word formulas. It was rediscovered in the early 20th century by Jagadguru Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha. The techniques are based on 16 sutras and 13 sub-sutras that provide shortcuts for calculations through principles like vertical and crosswise multiplication. Examples demonstrate how numbers can be multiplied efficiently by breaking them into single digits and recombining using place value in ways dictated by the sutras.

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Vrinda Gupta
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122 views13 pages

Vedic Mathematics: Department of Mathematics Lakshmibai College, University of Delhi

Vedic mathematics is an ancient technique that simplifies complex mathematical operations like multiplication, division, square and cube roots using sutras or word formulas. It was rediscovered in the early 20th century by Jagadguru Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha. The techniques are based on 16 sutras and 13 sub-sutras that provide shortcuts for calculations through principles like vertical and crosswise multiplication. Examples demonstrate how numbers can be multiplied efficiently by breaking them into single digits and recombining using place value in ways dictated by the sutras.

Uploaded by

Vrinda Gupta
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vedic Mathematics

By
Dr. SUDHA GUPTA
Department of Mathematics
Lakshmibai College, University of Delhi
What is Vedic Mathematics ?

 It is an ancient technique, which


simplifies multiplication, divisibility,
complex numbers, squaring, cubing,
square and cube roots. Even recurring
decimals and auxiliary fractions can
be handled by Vedic Mathematics.
Who Brought Vedic Mathematics
to Limelight ?

The ancient systems of Mathematics


was rediscovered from Vedas by
Jagadguru Swami
Bharathikrishna Tirthaji of
Govardhan Peeth, Puri Jaganath
(1884-1960)
What is the basis of Vedic
Mathematics ?

16 Sutras
&
13 Sub-Sutras
Vedic Mathematical Sutras
,dkf/kdsu iwosZ.k (vkuq:I;s) ’kwU;eU;r~ O;f"Vlef"V%
Ekadhikena Purvena (Anurupye) Sunyamanyat Vyastisamastih
fuf[kya uor’pjea n’kr% LkadyuO;odyukH;ke~ ’ks"kk.;³~dsu pjes.k
Nikhilam Sankalana – Sesanyankena
Navatascaramam Dasatah vyavakalanabhyam Caramena

Å/oZfr;ZXHk;ke~ Ikwj.kkiwj.kkH;ke~ LkksikUR;};eUR;e~


Urdhva-tiryagbhyam Puranapuranabhyam Sopantyadvayamantyam
IkjkoR;Z ;kst;sr~ PkyudyukH;ke~ ,dU;wusu iwosZ.k
Paravartya Yojayet Calana-Kalanabhyam Ekanyunena Purvena
’kwU;a lkE;leqPp;s ;konwue~ Xkqf.krleqPp;%
Sunyam Samyasamuccaye Yavadunam Gunitasamuccayah
Xkq.kdleqPp;%
Gunakasamuccayah
Multiplication of Numbers

The sutra which is used for


multiplication is:
fuf[kya uor’pjea n’kr%
Which literally translated, means ;
“All from 9 and the last from 10”
Procedure for Multiplication
Suppose we have to multiply 9 by 7   Subtract the base 10 from the sum of the
 We should take, as base for our calculations, given numbers (9 and 7 i.e. 16) and put
that power of 10 which is nearest to the (16-10) i.e. 6 as the left hand part of the
numbers to be multiplied. In this case 10 answer.
itself is that power; 9 + 7 – 10 = 6
 Put the two numbers 9 and 7 above and   or Subtract the sum of the two
below on the left hand side. deficiencies (1+3=4) from the base (10)
 Subtract each of them from the base (10) and 10 – 1 – 3 = 6
write down the remainders (1 and 3) on the   or Cross – subtract deficiency (3) on the
right hand side with a connecting minus sign second row from the original number (9)
( - ) between them to show that the numbers in the first row.
to be multiplied are both of them less that 10. 9–3=6
 The product will have two parts one on the   or Cross –subtract in the converse way
left side and one on the right. A vertical (i.e. 1 from 7) .
dividing line may be drawn for the purpose
7–1=6
of demarcation of the two parts.
 Now, Vertically mulitply the two deficit
 Now, the left hand side digit (of the answer)
figures (1 and 3) . The product is 3 . And this
can be arrived at in one of 4 ways:- is the right hand side portion of the answer.
 Thus 9 x 7 = 63
Multiplication of Numbers

Next Sutra is
Å/oZfr;ZXHk;ke~
(Urdhvatriyagbhayam)
which means
“Vertically and Crosswise”
12 X 13
Suppose we have to multiply 12 by 13
 We multiply the left hand most digits 1 of the
multiplicand vertically by the left hand most digits 1
of the multiplier, get their product 1 and set it down
as the left hand most part of the answer.
 We then multiply 1 and 3 ; 1 and 2 crosswise, add
the two, get 5 as the sum and set it down as the
middle part of the answer.
 We multiply 2 and 3 vertically, get 6 as their
product and put it down as the last (the right hand
most) part of the answer.
 Thus 12 x 13 = 156
Special Sub-Sutra for Multiplication by 11
vUR;;ksjso (Antyayoreva)
which means “Only the last two digits”
The following example illustrate this very easy methods.
13 423 x 11
 Write down the number with naught placed at both ends. This is a
naught sandwich 0134230
 Add the final two digits, 3 + 0 = 3 and write the answer below 0 .
0134230
3
 For the tens digit, add the final two digits to that point, that is 2 + 3 = 5.
0134230
53
 Continue to add adjacent digits, that is 4+2 = 6, 3+4=7, 1+3 = 4,
 and 0+1=1
0134230
147653
 The answer is 1 4 7, 6 5 3 2
Multiplication by 12

The sutra used to obtained the product of any


number with 12 is
LkksikUR;};eUR;e~
(Sopantyadvayamantyam)
which means
“The ultimate and twice the penultimate”
This is very similar to multiplication by 11
but we just double the digit to the left
before adding
Multiplication by 12
For example : 6 5 2 1 4 x 12   Likewise, 1 + 4 = 5, and 2 +
  we start with the nought 10 = 12. With 12 we set
sandwich 0652140 down 2 and carry 1.
  The ultimate digit is 0 and 0652140
the penultimate digits is 4, so 2568
the ultimate plus twice the 1
penultimate is 0 + 8 = 8.
 5 + 12 + Carry 1 = 18 and
0652140 again we carry 1.
8  The final step is 6 + 0 + Carry
  For the tens column, the 1 = 7.
ultimate is 4 and the 0652140
penultimate is 1, so 4+2= 6. 782568
0652140 11
68  The answer is 7 8 2 5 6 8
Thank you

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