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Information Definition: According To Wikipedia

Information can be defined in three main ways: 1) According to Wikipedia, information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system and can be interpreted as signs or signals. It conveys a message and resolves uncertainty. 2) Data is unprocessed facts and figures, while information is interpreted data created by organizing, structuring, and processing data. 3) According to Davis and Olson, information is data that has been meaningfully interpreted and is valuable for making decisions.

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70 views6 pages

Information Definition: According To Wikipedia

Information can be defined in three main ways: 1) According to Wikipedia, information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system and can be interpreted as signs or signals. It conveys a message and resolves uncertainty. 2) Data is unprocessed facts and figures, while information is interpreted data created by organizing, structuring, and processing data. 3) According to Davis and Olson, information is data that has been meaningfully interpreted and is valuable for making decisions.

Uploaded by

Monika Verma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Information Definition

According to Wikipedia −
"Information can be recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals.
Information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system
that can interpret the information.
Conceptually, information is the message (utterance or expression) being
conveyed. Therefore, in a general sense, information is "Knowledge
communicated or received, concerning a particular fact or circumstance".
Information cannot be predicted and resolves uncertainty.“

Information Vs Data
Data can be described as unprocessed facts and figures. Plain collected data
as raw facts cannot help in decision-making. However, data is the raw
material that is organized, structured, and interpreted to create useful
information systems.
Data is defined as 'groups of non-random symbols in the
form of text, images, voice representing quantities, action
and objects'.
Information is interpreted data; created from organized,
structured, and processed data in a particular context.

Definition According to Davis and Olson −


"Information is a data that has been processed into a form that
is meaningful to recipient and is of real or perceived value in
the current or the prospective action or decision of recipient."
INFORMATION CONCEPTS
Information can be defined as meaningfully interpreted data. If we give you a number 1-212-290-
4700, it does not make any sense on its own. It is just a raw data. However if we say Tel: +1-212-
290-4700, it starts making sense. It becomes a telephone number. If I gather some more data and
record it meaningfully like −
Address: 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor
New York, NY 10118-3299 USA
Tel: +1-212-290-4700
Fax: +1-212-736-1300
It becomes a very useful information - the address of New York office of Human Rights Watch, a
non-profit, non-governmental human rights organization.
So, from a system analyst's point of view, information is a sequence of symbols that can be
construed to a useful message.
An Information System is a system that gathers data and disseminates information with the
sole purpose of providing information to its users.
The main object of an information system is to provide information to its users. Information
systems vary according to the type of users who use the system.
A Management Information System is an information system that evaluates, analyzes, and
processes an organization's data to produce meaningful and useful information based on which
the management can take right decisions to ensure future growth of the organization.
INFORMATION CONCEPTS

The word `information' is used commonly in our day to day working. In MIS,
information has a precise meaning and it is different from data.  The information
has a value in decision making while data does not have.  Information brings clarity and
creates an intelligent human response in the mind.

In MIS a clear distinction is made between data and information.  Data is like raw
materials while the information is equivalent to the finished goods produced after
processing the raw material.  Information has certain characteristics.  These are:

Information
Improves representation of an entity
Updates the level of knowledge
Has a surprise value
Reduces uncertainty
Aids in decision making

The quality of information could be called good or bad depending on the mix of these
characteristics.
Information, Knowledge and Business Intelligence

Professor Ray R. Larson of the School of Information at the


University of California, Berkeley, provides an Information
Hierarchy, which is −
Data − The raw material of information.
Information − Data organized and presented by someone.
Knowledge − Information read, heard, or seen, and understood.
Wisdom − Distilled and integrated knowledge and understanding.

Scott Andrews' explains Information Continuum as follows −


Data − A Fact or a piece of information, or a series thereof.
Information − Knowledge discerned from data.
Business Intelligence − Information Management pertaining to an
organization's policy or decision-making, particularly when tied to
strategic or operational objectives.
Information/Data Collection Techniques

The most popular data collection techniques include −


Surveys − A questionnaires is prepared to collect the data
from the field.
Secondary data sources or archival data: Data is collected
through old records, magazines, company website etc.
Objective measures or tests − An experimental test is
conducted on the subject and the data is collected.
Interviews − Data is collected by the system analyst by
following a rigid procedure and collecting the answers to
a set of pre-conceived questions through personal
interviews.

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