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Filters Ece

A filter is a circuit that passes certain frequency bands while attenuating others. There are two main types of analog filters: passive filters using only resistors, capacitors, and inductors, and active filters that incorporate active devices like transistors. Passive filters have low efficiency and gradual frequency response but are inexpensive, while active filters can provide gain and sharper responses. Higher order filters, formed by cascading multiple lower order filters, have steeper attenuation slopes in the stopband for better filtering.

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ECGaurav Kamath
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109 views14 pages

Filters Ece

A filter is a circuit that passes certain frequency bands while attenuating others. There are two main types of analog filters: passive filters using only resistors, capacitors, and inductors, and active filters that incorporate active devices like transistors. Passive filters have low efficiency and gradual frequency response but are inexpensive, while active filters can provide gain and sharper responses. Higher order filters, formed by cascading multiple lower order filters, have steeper attenuation slopes in the stopband for better filtering.

Uploaded by

ECGaurav Kamath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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:FILTERS:

INTODUCTION

• A FILTER IS BASICALLY A “FREQUENCY SELECTIVE” CIRCUIT.

• FILTERS ARE NETWORKS THAT PROCESS SIGNALS IN A


FREQUENCY DEPENDENT MANNER.

• A FILTER IS A CIRCUIT CAPABLE OF PASSING CERTAIN


FREQUENCIES WHILE ATTENUATING OTHER FREQUENCIES.
General Classification Of Filters :

 FILTERS
 DIGITAL FILTERS
 ANALOG FILTERS

 IN ANALOG FILTERS:

 PASSIVE FILTERS

 ACTIVE FILTERS
PASSIVE FILTERS:

 The filter configuration using only passive


components like RESISTORS, CAPACITORS and
INDUCTORS are called as passive filters.

 The passive filters do not use any active device such


as FET or Transistors or OP-AMPs.

 Passive filter have LOW EFFICIENCY and their


frequency response characteristics are not very
sharp.
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF PASSIVE
FILTERS:

 ADVANTAGES OF PASSIVE FILTER :


 N O L O A D I NG P R O B L E M
 LOW COST
 P A S S B A ND G A I N
 S M A L L CO M P O N E NT S I Z E
 U S E O F I ND U C T O R C AN B E A VO I D E D
 NO INSERTION LOSS
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF PASSIVE
FILTER:

 DISADVANTAGES OF PASSIVE
FILTERS:
 T H E S E C I R C U I T S C AN NO T P R O VI D E A N Y G AI N.
 S O U R C E L O A D I N G C A N T AK E P L A CE .
 I F I N D U CT O R S AR E U S E D , T H E N CI R CU I T
BECOME HEAVY.
 T H E R E I S A L W A Y S S O M E L O S S O F S I G N AL S
E V E N I N T H E P A S S B A ND .
AUDIO FREQUENCY OR
RADIO FREQUENCY FILTER:

 AF AND RF ARE THE AUDIO AND RADIO FREQUENCY


RANGES RESPECTIVELY IN WHICH THE FILTERS
OPERATE.

 THE OPERATING FREQUENCY RANGE OF THE FILTER


DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF COMPONENTS USED.

 FOR EXAMPLE, THE R-C FILTERS CAN OPERATE


ONLY IN THE AUDIO FREQUENCY RANGE WHEREAS
L-C FILTERS ARE USED IN THE RADIO FREQUENCY
RANGE.
CLASSIFICATION:

 CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS BASED ON THEIR


FREQUENCY RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS:
FILTER
 LOW PASS FILTER
 HIGH PASS FILTER
 BANDPASS FILTER
 BAND STOP FILTER
 ALL PASS FILTER
IDEAL LOW PASS FILTER:
The frequency
characteristics of an ideal
low pass filter is shown in
fig.1.
A low pass filter is a filter
that passes signals with a
frequency lower than a
selected cutoff frequency
and attenuates signals with
frequencies higher than the
cutoff frequency.
IDEAL LOW PASS FILTER:
 It shows that a low-pass
filter has a constant gain
from 0 Hz to a high cut-
off frequency Fc.
 The frequencies between
0 and Fc are know as
“passband frequencies”
whereas the frequencies
beyond Fc are know as
the “stopband
frequencies”.
PRACTICAL LOW PASS FILTER:
 Fig 2. shows the frequency
response of a practical low
pass filter.
 It shows that the filter
gain does not change
suddenly at F=Fc.
 Instead as F increase,the
gain reduces gradually.
 At F=Fc, the gain is down
by 3dB and after Fc it
reduces at a higher rate as
shown in fig.2.
HIGHER ORDER FILTERS:
 For the first order filters, the stopband gain changes at the
rate of 20dB/decade whereas for a second order filter it
changes at the rate of 40dB/decade.

 Thus the stopband response improves and approaches its


ideal stopband response with increase in the filter order.
 HIGHER ORDER LPF:
2nd order
1 order LPF
st
LPF

2nd order
2 order LPF
nd
LPF
HIGHER ORDER FILTERS:
We can form the higher order filters simply by
cascading the first and second order filters.
FOR EXAMPLE ,it is possible to form a third order
LPF by cascading a first and a second order LPFs.
A fourth order LPF can be formed by cascading two
second order LPFs and so on.
The frequency determining components are same for
all the individual filter section.
HIGHER ORDER FILTERS:

 The overall voltage gain of the filter is equal to the


product of the voltage gains of individual sections.
 The frequency determining components are same for
all the individual filter section.
 Fh= 1/2paiRC
 It is possible to applt this principle to form the
higher order high pass filters as well.
THANK YOU

M A D E BY

P RA T H A M A GN I H O T R I
E C 00 1
1 90 95 01 11 0 01

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