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Quantization and Sampling Test

The document discusses the processes of quantization and sampling that are used to convert analog signals to digital form for image processing. Sampling involves digitizing the coordinate values by taking samples along the x-axis, which relates to the number of pixels in an image. Quantization involves digitizing the amplitude values by partitioning the signal into discrete levels along the y-axis, known as gray levels. Reducing the number of gray levels decreases image quality by distorting the image more. Both sampling and quantization are required to fully convert an analog signal to digital format.

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79 views13 pages

Quantization and Sampling Test

The document discusses the processes of quantization and sampling that are used to convert analog signals to digital form for image processing. Sampling involves digitizing the coordinate values by taking samples along the x-axis, which relates to the number of pixels in an image. Quantization involves digitizing the amplitude values by partitioning the signal into discrete levels along the y-axis, known as gray levels. Reducing the number of gray levels decreases image quality by distorting the image more. Both sampling and quantization are required to fully convert an analog signal to digital format.

Uploaded by

AqUa ForTis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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QUANTIZATION AND SAMPLING

TEST
ABHIJEET KARMAKAR 13000118141
AYUSHI KUMARI 13000118110
ABHAY KUMAR CHOUBEY 13000118142
INTRODUCTION

● In Digital Image Processing, signals captured from the physical world need to be translated into
digital form by “Digitization” Process.
● In order to become suitable for digital processing, an image function f(x,y) must be digitized both
spatially and in amplitude. This digitization process involves two main processes called:

○ Sampling: Digitizing the co-ordinate value is called sampling.

○ Quantization: Digitizing the amplitude value is called quantization.

Typically, a frame grabber or digitizer is used to sample and quantize the analogue video signal.
BASIC IDEA
● The basic idea behind converting an analog signal to its digital signal is to convert both of its axis
(x,y) into a digital format.

● Since an image is continuous not just in its co-ordinates (x axis), but also in its amplitude (y axis), so
the part that deals with the digitizing of co-ordinates is known as sampling.
● And the part that deals with digitizing the amplitude is known as quantization.
SAMPLING
● When looking at this image, we can see there are
some random variations in the signal caused by
noise.
● In sampling we reduce this noise by taking samples.
● It is obvious that more samples we take, the quality
of the image would be more better, the noise would
be more removed and same happens vice versa.
● However, if you take sampling on the x axis, the
signal is not converted to digital format, unless you
take sampling of the y-axis too which is known as
quantization.
RELATIONSHIP WITH PIXELS

● Sampling has a relationship with image pixels.


● The total number of pixels in an image can be calculated as Pixels = total no of rows *
total no of columns.
● For example, let’s say we have total of 36 pixels, that means we have a square image of
6X 6. As we know in sampling, that more samples eventually result in more pixels.
● So it means that of our continuous signal, we have taken 36 samples on x axis.
● That refers to 36 pixels of this image. Also the number sample is directly equal to the
number of sensors on CCD array.
EXAMPLE OF IMAGE SAMPLING
QUANTIZATION

● Quantization is opposite to sampling because it is done on “y


axis” while sampling is done on “x axis”.
● Quantization is a process of transforming a real valued
sampled image to one taking only a finite number of distinct
values.
● Under quantization process the amplitude values of the image
are digitized.
● In simple words, when you are quantizing an image, you are
actually dividing a signal into quanta(partitions).
continued..

● In the figure shown in sampling, although the


samples has been taken, but they were still
spanning vertically to a continuous range of
gray level values.
● These vertically ranging values have been
quantized into 5 different levels or partitions.
● Ranging from 0 black to 4 white. This level could
vary according to the type of image you want.
RELATION OF QUANTIZATION WITH GRAY LEVEL

● The quantized figure shown in the previous slide has 5 different levels of gray.
● It means that the image formed from this signal, would only have 5 different colors. It would be a black and white
image more or less with some colors of gray.
● Now if you were to make the quality of the image more better, there is one thing you can do here. Which is, to
increase the levels, or gray level resolution up.
● If you increase this level to 256, it means you have an gray scale image. Which is far better then simple black and
white image.
● Now 256, or 5 or what ever level you choose is called gray level.
● The formula that we know for gray level resolution is L=2^k.
● The gray level can be defined in two ways:
○ Gray level = number of bits per pixel (BPP).(k in the equation)
○ Gray level = number of levels per pixel.
In this case we have gray level is equal to 256. If we have to calculate the number of bits, we would simply put the values in
the equation. In case of 256levels, we have 256 different shades of gray and 8 bits per pixel, hence the image would be a
gray scale image.
REDUCING THE GRAY LEVEL
● Now we will reduce the gray levels of the image to see the effect on the image.
● Lets say you have an image of 8bpp, that has 256 different levels. It is a grayscale image and the image looks
something like this.
● 256 GRAY LEVEL
● Now we will start reducing the gray levels. We will first reduce the gray levels from 256 to 128.

256 GRAY LEVEL 128 GRAY LEVEL 64 GRAY LEVEL


REDUCING THE GRAY LEVEL continued….

32 GRAY LEVEL 16 GRAY LEVEL 8 GRAY LEVEL 4 GRAY LEVEL

● Now before reducing it, further two 2 levels, you can easily see that the image has been distorted badly by reducing
the gray levels.
● Now we will reduce it to 2 levels, which is nothing but a simple black and white level. It means the image would be
simple black and white image.
continued..

2 GRAY LEVEL

● That’s the last level we can achieve, because if reduce it further, it would be simply a black image, which can not be
interpreted.
THANK YOU...

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