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Module 5-Lesson 1-2-3

This document provides an overview of the principles of justice, fairness, and morality. It defines key terms like justice, fairness, righteousness, and egalitarianism. It discusses different types of justice such as distributive, retributive, and compensatory justice. It also covers political doctrines, principles of fairness and justice, types of egalitarianism, characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of capitalism, and the meaning of taxation. The objectives are to differentiate justice from fairness, critique both concepts, understand how to apply them, and learn about the ethics of taxation.

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417 views39 pages

Module 5-Lesson 1-2-3

This document provides an overview of the principles of justice, fairness, and morality. It defines key terms like justice, fairness, righteousness, and egalitarianism. It discusses different types of justice such as distributive, retributive, and compensatory justice. It also covers political doctrines, principles of fairness and justice, types of egalitarianism, characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of capitalism, and the meaning of taxation. The objectives are to differentiate justice from fairness, critique both concepts, understand how to apply them, and learn about the ethics of taxation.

Uploaded by

Christian Lumactod Embolode
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Framework and Principles Behind

Moral Disposition
Module 5: Lesson 1-2-3
Objectives:
1. Differentiate justice from fairness
2. Critique justice and fairness
3. Make use of justice and fairness
4. Understand the ethical principles of
taxation.
Framework and Principles Behind Moral Disposition
References:
Wolf, Robert Paul. Understanding Rawls: A
reconstruction and Critique of A Theory of
Justice. (2004)
Tyler, Tom R. and Maura A. Belliveau. Tradeoffs in
Justice Principles: Definitions of Fairness, in
conflict, cooperation, and justice.(2009)
www.imoney.ph.Doing;Wikipedia.
www.Wikipedia.com
https://www.yourdictionary.com/egalitarian
Righteousness and Equality
Justice is a synonym of righteousness.
As noun the difference between justice and
righteousness is that justice is the state or
characteristic of being just or fair while
righteousness is (uncountable) the quality or
state of being righteous; holiness; purity;
uprightness; rectitude righteousness, as used in
scripture and theology, in which it chiefly
occurs, is nearly equivalent to holiness,
comprehending holy principles and affections
of heart, and conformity of life to the divine
Justice and Fairness
Justice- is about overriding principles and
fairness more commonly about how those
principles are applied to a specific set of
circumstances or a particular situation.
Fairness- is concerned with actions,
processes, and consequences that are
morally right, honorable, and equitable. Fair
decisions are made in an appropriate manner
based on appropriate criteria.
Justice and Fairness
What is difference between justice and
fairness?
Fairness is a quality of being fair, showing
no bias towards some people or individuals.
Justice, in broader terms, is giving a person
his due. ... Someone who is fair is seen as
just, but sometimes justice can be cruel and
seem not fair.
Principles of fairness
Fairness requires that we:
1. Treat all people equitably based on their Treat
and abilities and handle all essentially
similar situations and with consistency.
2.Make all decisions on appropriate criteria,
without undue favoritism or improper
prejudice.
3. Never blame or punish people for what they
did not do.
4. Promptly and voluntarily correct personal and
institutional mistakes and improprieties.
Principles of fairness
Fairness requires that we:
5.Not take unfair advantage of people’s
mistakes or ignorance.
6.Fully consider the rights, interest, and
perspectives of all stakeholders, approach
judgment with open-minded impartiality
(setting aside prejudices and predisposition).
Gather and verify facts, provide critical
stakeholders with an opportunity to explain
or clarify, and carefully evaluate the
information.
Principles of Justice
1. Each person must have an equal right to the
most extensive total system of equal basic
liberties compatible with a similar system of
liberty for all.
2. Social and economic inequalities are to be
arranged so that they are both:
a. to the greatest benefit of the least
advantaged, consistent with the just savings
principle, and
b. attached to offices and positions open to all
under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
Different Kinds of Justice
1. Distributive justice – refers to the extent to
which society’s institutions ensure that
benefits and burdens are distributed among
society’s members in ways that are fair and
just.
2. Retributive or corrective justice- refers to the
extent to which punishments are fair and
just.
3. Compensatory justice- refers to the extent to
which people are fairly compensated for
their injuries by those who have injured
Different Kinds of Justice
Political Doctrines
Module 5: Lesson 2
Political doctrine is “a policy, position or
principle advocated, taught or put into effect
concerning the acquisition and exercise of the
power to govern or administrate in society."
An example of doctrine is the Truman Doctrine,
that said the US would work to contain the Soviet
Union. Doctrine is defined as a principle or group
of principles which are taught by a religion or
political party. An example of doctrine is the
teaching of the Ten Commandments in
Christianity.
Egalitarian Justice
What Is Egalitarianism?
Egalitarianism is a philosophical perspective that
emphasizes equality and equal treatment across
gender, religion, economic status, and political
beliefs. Egalitarianism may focus on income
inequality and distribution, which are ideas that
influenced the development of various economic
and political systems. Karl Marx used
egalitarianism as the starting point in the creation
of his Marxist philosophy, and John Locke
considered egalitarianism when he proposed that
individuals had natural rights.
Egalitarian Justice
Egalitarianism-is the position that equality is
central to justice. It is a prominent trend in
social and political philosophy and has also
become relevant in moral philosophy (moral
egalitarianism) since the late twentieth
century.

An egalitarian is defined as a person who


believes all people were created equal and
should be treated equal. An example of an
egalitarian is a person who fights for civil rights,
Types of Egalitarianism
1. Economic Egalitarianism-(or Material
Egalitarianism) is where the participants of a
society are of equal standing and have equal
access to all the economic resources in terms
of economic power, wealth and contribution.
It is a founding principle of various forms of
Socialism.
2. Moral Egalitarianism- is the position that
equality is central to justice, that all individuals
are entitled to equal respect, and that all
human persons are equal in fundamental worth
or moral status.
Types of Egalitarianism
3. Legal Egalitarianism-the principle under
which each individual is subject to the same
laws, with no individual or group or class
having special legal privileges, and where
the testimony of all persons is counted with
the same weight.

4. Political Egalitarianism- is where the


members of a society are of equal standing
in terms of political power or influence. It is a
founding principle of most forms of
democracy.
Types of Egalitarianism
5. Luck Egalitarianism- is a view about
distributive justice (what is just or right with
respect to the allocation of goods in a society)
espoused by a variety of left-wing political
philosophers, which seeks to distinguish
between outcomes that are the result of
brute luck (e.g. misfortunes in genetic
makeup, or being struck by a bolt of lightning)
and those that are the consequence of
conscious options (e.g. career choices, or fair
gambles).
Types of Egalitarianism
6. Gender Egalitarianism -is a form of
society in which power is equally shared
between men and women, or a family
structure where power is shared equally by
both parents.
7. Racial Egalitarianism- (or Racial Equality) is
the absence of racial segregation (the
separation of different racial groups in daily
life, whether mandated by law or through
social norms).
Types of Egalitarianism
8. Opportunity Egalitarianism -(or Asset-based
Egalitarianism) is the idea that equality is
possible by a redistribution of resources,
usually in the form of a capital grant provided
at the age of majority, an idea which has been
around since Thomas Paine.
9. Christian Egalitarianism- holds that all people
are equal before God and in Christ, and
specifically teaches gender equality in Christian
church leadership and in marriage.
Capitalism
What Is Capitalism?
Capitalism is an economic system in which
private individuals or businesses own capital
goods. The production of goods and services
is based on supply and demand in the general
market—known as a market economy—
rather than through central planning—known
as a planned economy or command economy.
Characteristics of Capitalism
1. A Two-Class System- Historically, capitalist
society was characterized by the split
between two classes of individuals—the
capitalist class, which owns the means for
producing and distributing goods and the
working class, who sell their labor to the
capitalist class in exchange for wages.
Characteristics of Capitalism
2. Profit Motive - Companies exist to make a
profit. The motive for all companies is to make
and sell goods and services only for profits.
Companies do not exist solely to satisfy people's
needs. Even though some goods or services may
satisfy needs, they will only be available if people
have the resources to pay for them.
3. Minimal Government Intervention- Capitalist
societies believe markets should be left alone to
operate without government intervention
Characteristics of Capitalism
4.Competition-True capitalism needs a
competitive market. Without competition,
monopolies exist, and instead of the market
setting the prices, the seller is the price setter,
which is against the conditions of capitalism.
5. Willingness to Change-The last characteristic of
capitalism is the ability to adapt and change.
Technology has been a game-changer in every
society, and the willingness to allow change and
adaptability of societies to improve inefficiencies
within economic structures is a true characteristic
of capitalism.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Capitalism
Taxation
Module 6: Lesson 3
Meaning of Taxation
Taxation-is the supreme power of a
sovereign state through its law-making body,
to impose burdens or charges upon persons,
property or rights for public purpose.
Taxation- is the method of apportioning the
cost of government among those who, in some
measure are privileged to enjoys its benefits
and must therefore, bear its burden.(Cooley,
2010)
Old Tax Rate

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