CE8302

FLUID MECHANICS
Subject handled by,
Mr.M.INIGO VALAN,
Assistant Professor,
Civil engineering Department,
SXCCE.
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 Syllabus
FLUID MECHANICS

UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLUID STATICS 9

Fluid – definition, distinction between solid and fluid - Units and dimensions -
Properties of fluids - density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity,
compressibility, vapour pressure, capillarity and surface tension - Fluid statics: concept of
fluid static pressure, absolute and gauge pressures - pressure measurements by
manometers-forces on planes – centre of pressure – buoyancy and floatation.

UNIT II FLUID KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS 9

Fluid Kinematics – Classification and types of flow - velocity field and acceleration -
continuity equation (one and three dimensional differential forms)- stream line-streak line-
path line- stream function - velocity potential function - flow net. Fluid dynamics -
equations of motion -Euler's equation along a streamline - Bernoulli's equation –
applications - venturi meter, orifice meter and Pitot tube- linear momentum equation and its
application to pipe bend.
 UNIT III DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODEL STUDIES 9

Fundamental dimensions - dimensional homogeneity - Rayleigh’s method and

Buckingham Pitheorem - dimensionless parameters - similitudes and model studies -
distorted models.

UNIT IV FLOW THROUGH PIPES 9

Reynolds’s experiment - laminar flow through circular pipe (Hagen poiseulle's) -

hydraulic and energy gradient – flow through pipes - Darcy - Weisbach's equation - pipe
roughness -friction factorMoody's diagram- major and minor losses of flow in pipes -
pipes in series and in parallel.

UNIT V BOUNDARY LAYER 9

Boundary layer – definition- boundary layer on a flat plate – laminar and turbulent
boundary layerdisplacement, energy and momentum thickness – Momentum integral
equation-Boundary layer separation and control – drag on flat plate.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
 References
Text Books Prescribed by the University (T):
T1. Modi P.N and Seth "Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics including Hydraulic Machines", Standard
Book House New Delhi, 2009.
T2.Jain.A.K.., "Fluid Mechanics" (Including Hydraulic Machines), Khanna Publishers, Twelfth
Edition, 2016.
T3.Subramanya.K " Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines", Tata McGraw Hill Education Private
Limited, New Delhi, 2010.
T 4.Rajput.R.K. “Fluid Mechanics", S.Chand and Co, New Delhi, 2008.

Reference Books Prescribed by the University (R):

R1. Streeter, V.L., and Wylie, E.B., “Fluid Mechanics”, McGraw Hill, 2000.
R2. Fox W.R. and McDonald A.T., Introduction to Fluid Mechanics John-Wiley and Sons, Singapore,
2013.
R3. White, F.M., “Fluid Mechanics”, Tata McGraw Hill, 5th Edition, New Delhi, 2017.
R 4.Mohd. Kaleem Khan, "Fluid Mechanics and Machinery", Oxford University Press, New Delhi,
2015.
R5.Bansal.R.K., “Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines”, Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, 2013.
 Course Description, Objectives and Outcomes
Course Code and Title: CE8302 –Fluid Mechanics

Course Description
The course deals with the basic properties of the fluid, fluid kinematics, fluid dynamics and to
analyze and appreciate the complexities involved in solving the fluid flow problems.

Course Objective
1. Understand the Fluid Properties and the Flow Characteristics.
2. The applications of the Bernoulli's equation, conservation laws to flow through pipes are
studied.
3. Understand the importance of dimensional analysis.
4. Understand the importance of various types of flow in pumps.
5. Understand the importance of various types of flow.

Course Outcomes
Students will be able to;
CO1. Describe the concept of fluid properties in static, kinematic and dynamic equilibrium, pipe
flow, boundary layer formation and model studies.
CO2. Illustrate fluid laws and theorems pertaining to loss of fluid head.
CO3. Identify and compare the characteristics of fluids in static kinematic and dynamic
equilibrium, types of flow, boundary layer and model analysis.
CO4. Calculate the flow characteristics and pressure of fluid passing through closed pipes and
open channels.
CO5. Evaluate the hydrostatic pressure of fluids, model studies and static, kinematic and
dynamic equilibrium of fluids.
 Program Outcomes (PO)

PO1: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an

engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural
sciences, and engineering sciences
PO3:Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or
processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health
and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4:Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments,
analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
PO5:Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering
and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
PO6:Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety,
legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
PO7:Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and
environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
PO8:Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

PO9: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams,

and inmultidisciplinary settings.

PO10:Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.

PO11:Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management

principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 Program Specific Outcomes (PSO)

PSO1:Excel in core areas of civil engineering such as planning, designing,

estimating and carrying out construction.

PSO2:Apply the concept of sustainable development in the context of

environment, economic and social requirements.

PSO3:Pursue research activities, consultancy services with critical thinking

professional development and lifelong learning.
 UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLUID STATICS

Fluid – definition
Fluid may be defined as a substance which is capable of flowing. It has no definite shape
of its own but it confirms to the shape of the containing vessel.

FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid mechanics is that branch of science which deals with the behaviour of the
fluids(liquids Or gases) at rest as well as in motion.

Thus this branch of science deals with static, kinematics and dynamic aspects of fluids.

The study of fluids at rest is called fluid statics.

The study of Fluids in motion, where pressure forces are not considered, is called fluid
kinematics

and if the Pressure forces are also considered for the fluids in motion, that branch of science
is called fluid dynamics.
 Why to Study Fluid Mechanics?

It is very important to learn the behaviour of fluid under various conditions

in order to design the system for handling of such fluids in dairy plants. Fluid
mechanics is a branch of Engineering Science, the knowledge of which is
needed in the design of:
• Water supply and treatment system

• Pumps used for handling of different fluids

• Ships, submarines, aeroplanes, Automobiles

• Storage tanks (milk silo, tankers, feed tanks, balance tanks etc.)

• Piping systems for various utilities, pipefitting & valves, flow meters etc.

• Measuring instrument

• Cleaning-In-Place (CIP) systems for optimum performance

• Heat transfer behaviour in processing equipments (such as HTST

pasteurizers, spray dryers etc.)
 Units and Dimensions

The different systems of unit are:

1. SI system: It is the International System of Units (abbreviated SI from

the French Le System International d'Units.

2. CGS system: It is a system of physical units based on centimetre as the

unit of length, gram as a unit of mass, and second as a unit of time.

3. MKS system: It is a metric system of physical units based on meter as

the unit of length, kilogram as a unit of mass, and second as a unit of time.

4. FPS system The foot-pound-second system or FPS system is a system of

units built on the three fundamental units foot for length, pound for either
mass or force and second for time.
 
Table -Commonly used units in CGS, MKS, FPS and SI

Dimension CGS units MKS units FPS Unit SI units

Length (L) Centimeter (cm) Meter (m) Foot (ft) meter, (m)

Mass (M) Gram (g) Kilogram (kg) Pound (lbM) kilogram (kg)

Time (T) Second (sec) Second (sec) Second (sec) Second (s)

Force (F) Dyne (Dyn) Kilogram-force(kgf) Pound-force (lbF) Newton (N) (=kg
m/s2)

Temperature (θ)        

�         Absolute Rankine (R) Celsius (�C) Kelvin (K) Kelvin (K)

�         Ordinary Fahrenheit (�F) Celsius (�C) Kelvin (K) Celsius (�C)

 Properties of Fluid

1. Mass density (𝛒): Mass of fluid per unit of its volume is called mass
density.

2. Weight Density (ω): Weight of fluid per unit of its volume is called weight
density.
3. Specific Gravity: Ratio of density of a substance to the density of pure
water at 4�C is called specific gravity.

4. Specific Volume (v): Volume of substance per unit of its mass is called
specific volume.

Unit: m3/ kg
Dimension: M-1L3
Viscosity: 

It is property of liquid which provides resistance to flow. For

example, flowability of honey is poor as compared to milk.
Honey is highly viscous. The viscosity of honey is much higher
than milk.
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Vapour pressure, pressure exerted by a vapour when the vapour is in equilibrium with
the liquid or solid form, or both, of the same substance—i.e., when conditions are such
that the substance can exist in both or in all three phases. Vapour pressure is a measure
of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapour state, and it
increases with temperature. The temperature at which the vapour pressure at the
surface of a liquid becomes equal to the pressure exerted by the surroundings is called
the boiling point of the liquid.

Cavitation is defined as the process of formation of the vapor phase of a liquid when it
is subjected to reduced pressures at constant ambient temperature. Thus, it is the
process of boiling in a liquid as a result of pressure reduction rather than heat
addition.