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Thermal Injection Final

Thermal injection techniques discussed include steam flooding, hot water flooding, and in-situ combustion. Steam flooding involves injecting steam to heat the reservoir and reduce oil viscosity, allowing steam and hot water to sweep oil towards production wells. Key types are steam-assisted gravity drainage and cyclic steam simulation. Thermal injection reduces viscosity, alters mobility ratios and permeability, and maintains reservoir pressure to enhance oil recovery. Reservoir properties like thickness, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity impact thermal injection effectiveness.

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Mehwish Bukhari
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87 views33 pages

Thermal Injection Final

Thermal injection techniques discussed include steam flooding, hot water flooding, and in-situ combustion. Steam flooding involves injecting steam to heat the reservoir and reduce oil viscosity, allowing steam and hot water to sweep oil towards production wells. Key types are steam-assisted gravity drainage and cyclic steam simulation. Thermal injection reduces viscosity, alters mobility ratios and permeability, and maintains reservoir pressure to enhance oil recovery. Reservoir properties like thickness, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity impact thermal injection effectiveness.

Uploaded by

Mehwish Bukhari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION PRESENTATION

Topic: Thermal Injection

Group members

MOMIN KHAN-2K16-23
AFTAB AHMAD AKBAR-2K17-25
WALEED AHMAD-2K17-33
MUNEEB KHAN-2K17-03
THERMAL INJECTION
 Thermal injection is a process that is frequently used in the oil and
gas industry to facilitate oil extraction. During the thermal
injection process, heat is introduced to the oil well to reduce its
viscosity. Thermal injection can be performed with heated fluids or
combustible gases.
 Thermal injection is enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique.
TYPES OF THERMAL INJECTION

 Steam flooding
 Hot water flooding
 in-situ combustion
STEAM FLOODING

 Steam is generated at the surface and is injected to the reservoir.


 Steam is distributed through injected wells.
 When steam enters the reservoir , it heat up the crude oil and lower the
viscosity.
 Steam itself get condensed due to change in temperature.
 The condensed steam get transformed into hot water.
 Then steam and hot water itself generate an artificial drive that sweeps
oil towards producing well
 Steam flooding is also known as continuous steam injection or steam
drive.
TYPES OF STEAM FLOODING
 Steam-assisted gravity drainage(SAGD)
 Cyclic steam simulation(CSS)
STEAM-ASSISTED GRAVITY DRAINAGE

 SAGD process contains 2 horizontal wells separated by distance of 5


to 10m.
 Steam is continuously injected to the upper well which make the oil
mobilize due to heating.
 This process helps the mobile oil to drain into lower well.
CYCLIC STEAM SIMULATION

 CSS basically includes three stages;


1. The first stage is injection , during which slug of steam is introduced into the reservoir.
2. The second stage , requires that well be shut in for several days to allow heat
distribution to thin the oil.
3. Finally , during the last stage , the thinned oil is produced through the same well.
 CSS is also known as HUFF and PUFF method and steam simulation.
HOT WATER FLOODING

 Hot water is injected to the reservoir.


 Also known as hot water injection.
 Less effective than steam flooding.
 As steam is more effective form and hot water is low heat content.
 It is preferable under formation sensitivity to fresh water.
IN-SITU COMBUSTION

 2 types of IN-SITU combustion exists:


1. HTO
2. LTO
 HTO stands for high temperature oxidation.
 LTO stands for low temperature oxidation.
 HTO (500 TO 600’C) is for heavy oil.
 LTO (150 TO 300’C) is for light oil.
 IN-SITU combustion recovers the reservoir oil with the application of
heat.
 Heat transferred to the subsurface with the help of conduction and
convection.
PRINCIPLE OF THERMAL INJECTION

 Principle of thermal enhanced oil recovery is to reduce the viscosity.


 This principle helps oil to flow easily.
 Used to recover viscous and thick oil.
 During thermal recovery , crude oil undergoes physical and chemical
changes.
 This changes occur due to heat supplied.
 Physical properties such as viscosity, specific gravity, and interfacial
tension are changed.
 The chemical changes involves different reactions i.e., cracking and
dehydrogenation.
 41% EOR of total EOR process are produced by thermal process.
MECHANISM OF THERMAL
INJECTION

 Heating and viscosity Reduction


 Pressure maintenance
 Mobility ratio Reduction
 Sweep efficiency improvement
 Thermal expansion of rock and fluid
 Relative permeability and Wettability alteration
MECHANISM OF THERMAL INJECTION

1: Heating and Viscosity Reduction:


Heavy oil viscosity reduces dramatically with the increase of temperature,
which decreases viscosity fingering and then improves areal sweep
efficiency.
2: Pressure maintenance:
Similar to conventional water flooding, hot-water flooding can maintain
reservoir pressure and supplement displacement energy
MECHANISM OF THERMAL
INJECTION
3: Mobility ratio reduction:
As oil viscosity is decreased, the mobility ratio between oil and water also
Increases so much that oil-flow ability increases.
4: Sweep efficiency improvement:
the injected steam usually flows to the upper layer of the reservoir due to
its lower density, while the injected hot-water can carry the retained heat
of steam to the bottom region under the action of gravity because of its
higher density, thus improving the vertical sweep efficiency of the
reservoir
MECHANISM OF THERMAL
INJECTION
5: Thermal expansion of rock and fluid.
The injection of hot-water causes thermal expansion of rock and fluid in
the reservoir, which is beneficial for formation pressure recovery. But
for reservoir that is flooded by hot-water after steam injection, this
effect is not very obvious. As thermal expansion of rock and fluid is
much stronger.
6: Relative permeability and wettability alteration
As water temperature rises, polar substances such as asphaltene and
colloid are not absorbed on the rock. The rock surface tends to be
hydrophilic and the residual oil saturation declines.
FACTORS OF THERMAL INJECTION

There are three different factors on which thermal injection depends


 Formation Thickness
 Thermal Conductivity
 Volumetric Heat Capacity
INTRODUCTION TO ECLIPSE

 ECLIPSE 100 is a fully-implicit, three phase, three dimensional, general


purpose black oil simulator with gas condensate option. ECLIPSE 100
can be used to simulate 1, 2 or 3 phase systems. Two phase options
(oil/water, oil/gas, gas/water) are solved as two component systems
saving both computer storage and computer time.
 Additionally, Radial and Cartesian block-center options are available in
1, 2 or 3 dimensions. A 3D radial option completes the circle allowing
flow to take place across the 0/360 degree interface.
How to Start
To run simulation you need an input file with all data concerning reservoir and process of its exploitation. Input data for
ECLIPSE is prepared in free format using a keyword system. Any standard editor may be used to prepare the input file. The
name of input file has to be in the following format: FILENAME.DATA

Section-Header Keywords
The list of section-header keywords in proper order:
RUNSPEC
GRID
EDIT
PROPS
REGIONS
SOLUTION
SUMMARY
SCHEDULE
Key Words Description
SWFN Water Saturation Function

DIMENS Specifies the dimension of the grid

TEMPVD Temperature vs Depth Data

DRV Radial-Direction Grid Block Size

INRAD Inner Radius for Radial Geometry

STCOND Specify the Standard Conditions like Std. Pressure and Std. Temperature

THANLAB Analytic Water Densities

ROCKDIMS Rock over and Under burden Dimensions

COMPS Compositional Mode (Alternative to Black oil mode)


Key Words Description
PORO Porosity of grid blocks

THERMAL Request Thermal Option

FULLIMP Fully Implicit Solution Option

TOPS Depth of Top Face of each Grid Block

RKPVMNMX Connection Data for Cap and Base Rocks

DTHETAV Angular Size of Grid Blocks

DRV Vector of R-direction grid block sizes

PERMR Specifies Radial Permeability Values

DEADOIL The Dead Oil option is used (alternate to LIVEOIL)


Key Words Description
DZV Grid Block Size in Z direction

HEATCR Rock Heat Capacity

THCONR Thermal Conductivity of Rocks and Fluids

PERMTHT Specifies Azimuthal Permeability Values

PERMZ Specifies Z-Permeability Values

ROCKCON Connection data for cap and base rocks

RADIAL Radial Geometry

ROCKPROP Base or Cap Rock Properties


RESULTS
CONCLUSION
 Important methods
 Different types
 Logical Follow up stage
 Reduces viscosity
 Change mobility ratio
 Maintain pressure
 Thermal conductivity

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