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Biology - Cell Structure Organization

The document discusses cell structure and organization from the cellular level up to multi-cellular organisms. It describes the key structures of plant and animal cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts and cell wall. It then explains how cells differentiate and specialize into tissues like muscle and epithelium. Multiple tissues combine to form organs such as the heart and lungs. Finally, organ systems are networks of organs that work together such as the circulatory, respiratory and digestive systems.

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83 views42 pages

Biology - Cell Structure Organization

The document discusses cell structure and organization from the cellular level up to multi-cellular organisms. It describes the key structures of plant and animal cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts and cell wall. It then explains how cells differentiate and specialize into tissues like muscle and epithelium. Multiple tissues combine to form organs such as the heart and lungs. Finally, organ systems are networks of organs that work together such as the circulatory, respiratory and digestive systems.

Uploaded by

zubair
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell Structure &

Organisation
Outline
identify cell structures (including organelles) of typical plant
and animal cells from diagrams, photomicrographs and as
seen under the light microscope using prepared slides
and fresh material treated with an appropriate
temporary staining technique:
• chloroplasts
• cell membrane
• cell wall
• cytoplasm
• cell vacuoles
• nucleus
compare the structure of typical animal and plant cells
What is a cell?
• Building blocks of life
• Simplest units of life
• Chemical reactions in the cell keeps us
alive
Cells

Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells


Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells


Other Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
Cells
What does a cell consists of?
Each living cell consists of living material called
protoplasm.

Protoplasm:
• Water makes up 70% of protoplasm
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
Protoplasm
1) Cell Surface Membrane
2) Cytoplasm
3) Nucleus
Cell Structures in Plant
and Animal Cells
• nucleus
• cytoplasm
• cell membrane
• cell wall
• cell vacuoles
• ribosomes
• mitochondria
• chloroplasts
Animal and Plant Cells

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell Structure and Function:


http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
Animal Cell
Animal Cell
Cell Surface Membrane
• Surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell
• Partially permeable membrane
– Allows some substances but not all to move in
and out of the cell
Nucleus
• Surrounded by a membrane
called the nuclear envelope
• Contains one or more
nucleoli
• Contains chromatin

Functions of the nucleus:


1. Controls cell activities such as
cell growth and the repair of
worn-out parts
2. Essential for cell division

Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
• Between the cell surface membrane and the nucleus
• Contains enzymes and organelles
Organelles in the Cytoplasm

• Mitochondria
• Ribosomes
• Chloroplasts (only in plant cells)
• Cell vacuoles
Mitochondria
• Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria
• Energy production
• Energy used to perform cell activities such as
growth and reproduction
Ribosomes
• Required for protein synthesis in the cell
Vacuoles in Animal Cells
• A vacuole is a fluid-filled space
enclosed by a membrane
• Animal cells have many small
vacuoles that contain water and food
substances such as proteins and
carbohydrates
Pop Quiz!

Label and identify the diagram

D A
E B
F
C
Plant Cell

Plant Cells:
http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
Plant Cell
Differences Between Animal
and Plant Cells
Animal Cells Plant Cells

Cell wall absent Cell wall present

Chloroplasts absent Chloroplasts present

Vacuoles are small, Vacuoles are large, sap-


temporary in animal cells filled in plant cells
Cell Wall
• Surrounds the cell surface
membrane
• Cell wall is made of
cellulose
• Protects the cell from injury
• Gives the plant cell a fixed
shape
• Cell wall is fully permeable
Chloroplasts
• Found only in plant
cells
• Chloroplasts contain a
green pigment called
chlorophyll
• Chlorophyll is essential
for photosynthesis, the
process by which plants
make food
Vacuoles in Plant Cells
• Plant cells usually have
a large central vacuole
which contains a liquid
called cell sap
• Cell sap contains
dissolved substances
such as sugars, mineral
salts and amino acids
Pop Quiz!

Label and identify the diagram

D B
E C
F
Specialised Cells

Red Blood Cell Sperm Cell

Nerve Cell

Root Hair Cell


Egg Cell
Cell Differentiation
The process by which cells develop special
structures or lose certain structures to
enable them to carry out specific functions.

Hence, cells become differentiated to form


specialised cells.

The structure of each cell is adapted to


perform the specific functions of the cell.
Cell Differentiation
How is cell structure
related to cell function?
1) Red Blood Cell
Cell Structure Adaptation to Function
Contains haemoglobin Haemoglobin transports
oxygen from the lungs to
all parts of the body.
No nucleus Carry more haemoglobin
which leads to increased
transport of oxygen.
Circular biconcave shape Increased surface area
to volume ratio of the
cell. Hence, increased
transport of oxygen.
How is cell structure
related to cell function?

2) Xylem Vessel
Cell Structure Adaptation to Function
Long hollow tubes (no Enables water to move
protoplasm) easily through the lumen.

Lignified walls Lignin strengthens the


walls and prevents the
xylem vessels from
collapsing.
How is cell structure
related to cell function?

3) Root Hair Cell


Cell Structure Adaptation to Function
Long and narrow Increased surface area
to volume ratio of the cell
which leads to increased
absorption of water and
mineral salts from the
soil.
How do cells
work together in
a multi-cellular
organism?
Tissue
A tissue is a group of similar cells which work together
to perform a specific function.

Examples of tissues:
• Muscle, the lining of the intestine, the lining of the
lungs, phloem, root hair tissue

Connective
Tissue
Organ
Different tissues may be combined together to form
organs.

An organ is a structure made up of different tissues


working together to perform a specific function.

Examples of organs:
• Heart, lung, brain, leaf, root

Lungs
An organ is a structure made up of different
tissues working together to perform a
specific function.
Organ System
Organs work together to form
organ systems.

Various systems work together


to make up the entire organism.

Examples of organ systems:


• Circulatory system,
respiratory system, digestive
system, nervous system and
reproductive system

Circulatory System
Organs work together to form organ
systems.

System Organs
Digestive Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Respiratory Trachea
Lungs
Pop Quiz!

Q1. Write out the order of cell


organisation within an organism.

Q2. Give an example of an animal


system with the order of cell
organisation stated above.
Pop Quiz!

Q2. Give an example of an animal


system with the order of cell
organisation stated above.
• Intestinal cell  intestinal muscle 
small intestine  digestive system 
human

• Nerve cell  nerve tissue  eye 


sensory system  bird

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