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13.2 Chromosomal Abberation Numerical

Chromosomal aberration can involve changes in chromosome number, known as numerical aberrations or heteroploidy. There are two main types - aneuploidy, which is a change in one or few chromosomes, and euploidy, which is a change in full sets of chromosomes. Aneuploidy includes conditions like trisomy and monosomy, while euploidy includes polyploidy where there are multiple copies of full chromosome sets. Polyploidy is important in plant evolution and agriculture.

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221 views32 pages

13.2 Chromosomal Abberation Numerical

Chromosomal aberration can involve changes in chromosome number, known as numerical aberrations or heteroploidy. There are two main types - aneuploidy, which is a change in one or few chromosomes, and euploidy, which is a change in full sets of chromosomes. Aneuploidy includes conditions like trisomy and monosomy, while euploidy includes polyploidy where there are multiple copies of full chromosome sets. Polyploidy is important in plant evolution and agriculture.

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Chromosomal aberration:

numerical
Introduction
 The normal chromosome number is diploid
 Crops may be diploid, tetraploid, hexaploids …
 Change in the number of chromosomes from
diploid state is known as numerical chromosome
aberrations
 Heteroploidy: change in chromosome number
from diploid state
 Heteroploids: individual having Heteroploidy
number
Heteroploidy
 Types:
Euploidy: numerical change in entire genome
Aneuploidy: multiplication of few
chromosome of the genome
Types
 Aneuploidy:
 Hyper ploidy :addition of one or few chromosomes,
trisomics and tetrasomics
 Hypo ploidy: lack of one or few chromosomes,
monosomics and nullisomic
 Euploidy :
 Monoploidy: basic chromosome number
 Diploidy
 Polyploidy: having more than two basic sets of
chromosome
Aneuploidy
 Change in number of individual chromosomes,
but not in complete set e.g., 2n ± 1
 Mainly arises due to non disjunction.
 tolerated in plants
 usually lethal in animals
Types
Hyper ploidy: having chromosomes more than
disomic condition (2n)
 Trisomy(2n+1) : Addition of one chromosome
to one pair in diploid set
o Simple trisomics: increase in chromosome
number in one pair only (2n+1)
o Double trisomics: addition of one
chromosomes in two different pairs (2n+1+1)
Cont.….
 Tetrasomy (2n+2): Addition of two
chromosomes to one pair or two different
pairs
o Simple tetra-somics – addition of two
chromosomes to one pair(2n+2)
o Double tetra-somics – two chromosomes are
added each to two different pairs(2n+2+2)
Condition Chromosome Example

Diploid 2n AABBCC

TRISOMIC 2n+1 AABBCCC

Simple 2n+1 AABBCCC

Double trisomic 2n+1+1 AABBBCCC

TETRASOMY 2n+2 AABBCCCC

SIMPLE 2n+2 AABBCCCC

DOUBLE TETRASOMIC 2n+2+2 AABBBBCCCC


Hypo ploidy:
 Having chromosomes less than disomic
condition(2n)
 mostly occurs in polypoid e.g. wheat, tobacco
etc
Types
 Monosomy (2n-1):
 lacking one chromosome from a diploid set”
 Used to map genes in plants.
 Double Monosomics
 lack of one chromosomes each from two different
pairs (2n-1-1).
 Nullisomy (2n-2):
 lacking one pair of chromosomes from a diploid set
Condition Chromosome Example

Diploid 2n AABBCC

Monosomic 2n-1 AABBC

Double monosomic 2n-1-1 AABC

Nullisomic 2n-2 AABB

HYPO-PLOIDS : less then the


diploid condition
Euploidy

 A condition in which one or more full sets of


chromosomes are present in an organism
 Monoploid: having single copy of genome (n)
 Haploid: with gametic chromosome number(n)
 Diploid: with two copies of genome(2n)
 Polyploids: having more than two copies of
genomes (>2n)
 Autoploids: having multiple copies of one
genome
Autopolyploid
 Auto triploids: three copies of a genome (3x)
 Auto tetraploids: 4x
 Auto pentaploids: 5x
 Auto hexaploids: 6x
Allopolyploids: combination of genome from
two or more different species
 Allotetraploids: two copies of two distinct
genomes (2x1 + 2x2)
 Allohexaploids: two copies of three distinct
genomes (2x1 + 2x2+ 2x3)
 Allooctaploids: two copies of four distinct
genomes (2x1 + 2x2+ 2x3+2x4)
Types
 Monoploidy(x):
o Single basic set of chromosomes
o e.g. in wheat: 2n₌6x₌42 where x₌7, neurospora
etc.
 Polyploidy:
o More than two multiples of haploid chromosomes
sets: Triploidy (3n) and Tetraploidy (4n).
o Autopolyploidy, Allopolyploidy
Monoploid (x)
 Basic chromosome number of species
 It is represented by x
 They represent single sets of genome
 They are always sterile
Haploid (n)
 Individual with gametic chromosome number
 They are represented with n
 They represent one or more sets
 They are always sterile
Types of haploid
• Euhaploids: develop from euploid species and
have complete set of chromosome set
 Monohaploids: true diploid species
 Allohaploids (Polyhaploids): from alloploidy
species
 Autohaploids: from auto polyploids
 Dihaploids: tetraploid species
Aneuhaploids
 develop from the aneuploids and have either
one additional or missing chromosome
 Disomic haploid: with extra chromosome
(n+1)
 Nullisomic haploid: (n-1)
 Substitution haploid: with 1 missing and 1
extra (n-1+1)
 Mis-division haploid: with isochromosome
Production of haploids
 Parthenogenesis:
 Interspecific crosses:
 As twin
 Tissue culture
Autopolyploids
 polyploids which originates by multiplication
of the chromosomes of a single species
Cont…
Autotriploids(3n)
 Formation of autopolyploids occurs when:
 Diploid gamete is fertilized by a haploid sperm
 An ovum is fertilized by two sperms
 Fertilization occurs between diploids(2n) and tetraploids(4n)
 e.g. seedless banana, apple, sugarbeet, watermelon etc.
Autotetraploids(4n)
 diploid cell is treated with heat, cold or colchicine to
transform it into autotetraploid.
 e.g. rye, grapes, alfalfa etc.
• 2n n n
• 2n o

• 2n
• 2n o
• 4n
• Ovum(n) sperm(n)
• Sperm (n)

Progeny (3n)
• 2n 4n
• n 2n
• 3n
• 2n 2n
• nn 2n
• 3n
Allopolyploids:

 Polypoid which originates by combining


complete chromosomal sets from two or more
species
 Mostly Autotetraploids
 Formation occurs when two different spp. are
combined.
 Resulting individual is sterile but is treated with
colchicine to form a tetraploid–a new species
Types
Natural Alloploids – wheat, cotton, tobacco,
mustard, oats, brassica etc.
 As wheat (Triticum aestivum: 2n=42) is
actually formed from three different species:
 Triticum aegilopoides (2n=14), Aegilops
speltoides (2n=14), Aegilops squarrosa
(2n=14)
Cont….
Artificial Alloploids – Domesticated coffee,
cotton, raphanobrassica etc.
 As raphanobrassica (2n=36) is formed from
Raphanus sativus (2n=18) and Brassica
oleraceae (2n=18)
Importance of Polyploidy
 plays an imp. role in evolution as Alloploidy gives
rise to new species
 Autopolyploids are more adaptive to changing
environment as compared to their respective
diploids.
 Plants commonly exhibit polyploidy:
 30-35% of ferns and flowering plants are polyploids
 Many of the fruits, grains and ornamental plants
are polyploids
Cont..
 Polyploid strains often display desirable
agricultural characteristics
 wheat
 cotton
 strawberries
 bananas
 large blossom flowers

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