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Dynamics of Ecosystem

1. An ecosystem consists of interacting abiotic and biotic components connected by energy flows and nutrient/mineral cycles. 2. Energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers through photosynthesis and passes through food chains and webs to consumers, with only 10-20% transferred between trophic levels. 3. Ecological pyramids illustrate the decrease in numbers, biomass, and energy at higher trophic levels due to energy losses between levels in the ecosystem.

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374 views36 pages

Dynamics of Ecosystem

1. An ecosystem consists of interacting abiotic and biotic components connected by energy flows and nutrient/mineral cycles. 2. Energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers through photosynthesis and passes through food chains and webs to consumers, with only 10-20% transferred between trophic levels. 3. Ecological pyramids illustrate the decrease in numbers, biomass, and energy at higher trophic levels due to energy losses between levels in the ecosystem.

Uploaded by

PORAKH MONE GOHAIN
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dynamics of Ecosystem

The various components of the ecosystem


constitute an interacting system. They are
connected by energy, nutrients and minerals.
The nutrients and minerals circulate and
recirculate between the abiotic and biotic factors of
the ecosystem several times.
Whereas, the flow of energy is one way, once used
by the ecosystem, it is lost. Thus the continuous
survival of the ecosystem depends on the flow of
energy and the circulation of nutrients and
minerals in the ecosystem.
Thus the dynamics (functions) of the
ecosystem includes the following.
1. Energy
2. Primary production
3. Secondary production
4. Food chain
5. Trophic levels
6. Food web
7. Energy flow
8. Ecological pyramids
9. Biogeochemical cycles
1. Energy

Energy is the ability


to do work.
The main source of
energy for an
ecosystem is the
radiant energy or
light energy
derived from the
sun.
This light energy
is converted into
chemical energy in
the form of sugar
by plants by the
process of
photosynthesis.
Plants utilize only
0.02% of Sun’s 6CO2 + 6H O +
light energy sunlight
2
& chlorophyll C6H12O6
reaching the earth.
+ 6O2
Plants use most of
the energy they
make for
themselves.
Consumers get their
energy from the
plants (producers).
2. Primary production

The amount of light energy


converted to chemical
energy by plants during a
given period of time per unit
area is called primary
productivity.
3. Secondary production

The energy that is not used by producers


can be passed on to organisms that
cannot make their own energy.
The producers are directly consumed
by the herbivores that are eaten by
the primary carnivores that in turn
are consumed by the secondary
carnivores. The consumers store
some amount of energy in their
tissues. This energy, stored by the
consumers, is called secondary
production. Only about 10 to 20% of
the primary production is converted
into secondary production.
4. Food chain

A food chain
tells us
what is
eaten by
what in an
ecosystem.
Example of a food chain

Many insects
feed on
nectar
which they
gather from
flowers.
The insect is eaten
by the frog.
The frog is eaten
by the heron .
What does this food
chain show?

𝗈 The plant is
eaten by the
slug.

𝗈 The slug is eaten


by the frog.

𝗈 The frog is eaten


by the heron.
The producers form the food for the
herbivores. The herbivores form the food for
the carnivores. The sequence of the eaters
being eaten is called food chain.
Producers herbivores Carnivores
5. Trophic level

Each food chain contains many steps


like producers, herbivores, primary
carnivores and so on. Each step of the
food chain is called trophic level. The
number of trophic levels in a food
chain is always restricted to 4 or 5.
But very often the chains are very
much complicated with many trophic
levels.
Ist Trophic 2nd Trophic 3rd Trophic level
level level
6. Food Webs:

𝗈 In an ecosystem the
various food chains are
interconnected with each
other to form a net
work called food web.

𝗈 This is because each


organism may obtain
food from more than one
trophic level. In other
words, one organism
forms food for more than
one organisms of the
higher trophic level.
7. Energy flow

Solar energy is trapped by


the green plants, and
converted into chemical
energy and stored as
carbohydrates. This
happens during
photosynthesis.
A part of this chemical energy
is used up by the green
plants themselves. The
major portion of the
energy is consumed in the
form of food by the
consumers at different
trophic level.
Thus there is energy flow
through the biotic
components in an
ecosystem.
The transfer of energy from one
trophic level to another
trophic level is called energy
flow.
-The flow of energy in an
ecosystem is unidirectional. That
is, it flows from the producer level
to the consumer level and never
in the reverse direction. Hence
the energy can be used only once
in the ecosystem.
Energy flow is unidirectional
- But the minerals circulate and
recirculate many times in
the ecosystem.
-A large amount of energy is
lost at each trophic level. It is
estimated that 80% to 90% of
the energy is lost when it is
transferred from one trophic
level to another.
Energy flow
8. Ecological Pyramids

The number, biomass, and energy of


organisms gradually decrease from
the producer to the consumer level.
This can be represented by a pyramid
called ecological pyramid.
Ecological pyramid is the graphic
representation of number, biomass,
and energy of the successive trophic
levels of an ecosystem.
Types of ecological pyramids

1.The pyramid of number


2.The pyramid of biomass
3.The pyramid of energy.
The pyramid of number

The number of
individuals at the
trophic level
decreases from
the producer level
to the consumer
level.
In any ecosystem the
number of producers
is far high. The
number of
herbivores is lesser
than the producers.
Similarly, the
numbers of
carnivores is lesser
than the herbivores.
Pond
Ecosystem

Example: Pond ecosystem.


The number in a pond ecosystem decrease in the following
order.
Phytoplankton Zooplankton Fishes
Snakes.
The pyramid of biomass
• Biomass:
• Biomass is renewable organic material that comes from plants
and animals.
• Biomass energy is an industry term that refers to obtaining
energy by burning wood, plants, and other organic matter.
• Manure, for example, is organic material. In an ecosystem the
biomass decreases from the producer level to the consumer
level.
Pyramid of energy

The energy flows in an


ecosystem from the
producer level to
the consumer level.
At each trophic level
80% to 90% of
energy is lost. Hence
the amount of
energy decreases
from the producer
level to the
consumer level.
According to the 2nd Law of
Thermodynamics, the
energy is not transferred
from one object/organism
to the next with 100%
efficiency
𝗈 Some of the energy is lost
to the environment
Energy Pyramid

𝗈 Energy Pyramid
shows the amounts
of energy that
moves from one
level to the next.
𝗈 Only about 10%
of energy is
transferred from
one level to the
next

𝗈 T h e other 90% is
used by the
organism to carry
out its life processes
or it is lost to the
environment

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