QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Seven Basic Tools of Quality

The Seven Basic Tools of Quality (also known as 7

QC Tools) originated in Japan when the country
was undergoing major quality revolution and had
become a mandatory topic as part of Japanese’s
industrial training program. These tools which
comprised of simple graphical and statistical
techniques were helpful in solving critical quality
related issues.
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• These tools were often referred as Seven
Basics Tools of Quality because these tools
could be implemented by any person with
very basic training in statistics and were
simple to apply to solve quality-related
complex issues.
Seven Basics Tools of Quality 
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• Stratification (Divide and Conquer)
• Histogram
• Check Sheet (Tally Sheet)
• Cause-and-effect diagram (“fishbone” or
Ishikawa diagram)
• Pareto chart (80/20 Rule)
• Scatter diagram (Shewhart Chart)
• Control chart
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• Stratification is a method of dividing data into sub–
categories and classify data based on group, division,
class or levels that helps in deriving meaningful
information to understand an existing problem.
• The very purpose of Stratification is to divide the data
and conquer the meaning full Information to solve a
problem.
• Un–stratified data (An employee reached late to office
on following dates)
• 5-Jan, 12-Jan,13-Jan, 19-Jan, 21-Jan, 26-Jan,27-Jan
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 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
• 2. Histogram
• Histogram introduced by Karl Pearson is a bar
graph representing the frequency distribution
on each bars.
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• A frequency distribution shows how often
each different value in a set of data
occurs. A histogram is the most commonly
used graph to show frequency
distributions. It looks very much like a bar
chart, but there are important differences
between them. This helpful 
data collection and analysis tool is
considered one of the 
seven basic quality tools.
 HISTOGRAM
• WHEN TO USE A HISTOGRAM
• Use a histogram when:
• The data are numerical
• You want to see the shape of the data’s distribution, especially when
determining whether the output of a process is distributed approximately
normally
• Analyzing whether a process can meet the customer’s requirements
• Analyzing what the output from a supplier’s process looks like
• Seeing whether a process change has occurred from one time period to
another
• Determining whether the outputs of two or more processes are different
• You wish to communicate the distribution of data quickly and easily to
others
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• The very purpose of Histogram is to study the
density of data in any given distribution and
understand the factors or data that repeat
more often.
• Histogram helps in prioritizing factors and
identify which are the areas that needs utmost
attention immediately.
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 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
• 3. Check sheet (Tally Sheet)
• A check sheet can be metrics, structured table or form
for collecting data and analysing them. When the
information collected is quantitative in nature, the
check sheet can also be called as tally sheet.
• The very purpose of checklist is to list down the
important checkpoints or events in a tabular/metrics
format and keep on updating or marking the status on
their occurrence which helps in understanding the
progress, defect patterns and even causes for defects.
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 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
• Cause-and-effect diagram. (“Fishbone” or
Ishikawa diagram)
• Cause–and–effect diagram introduced by Kaoru
Ishikawa helps in identifying the various causes
(or factors) leading to an effect (or problem)
and also helps in deriving meaningful
relationship between them.
• The very purpose of this diagram is to identify
all root causes behind a problem.
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• Once a quality related problem is defined, the
factors leading to the causal of the problem
are identified. We further keep identifying the
sub factors leading to the causal of identified
factors till we are able to identify the root
cause of the problem. As a result we get a
diagram with branches and sub branches of
causal factors resembling to a fish bone
diagram.
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• In manufacturing industry, to identify the source of
variation the causes are usually grouped into below
major categories:
• People
• Methods
• Machines
• Material
• Measurements
• Environment
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 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
• 5. Pareto chart (80 – 20 Rule)
• Pareto chart is named after Vilfredo Pareto. Pareto chart
revolves around the concept of 80-20 rule which underlines
that in any process, 80% of problem or failure is just caused
by 20% of few major factors which are often referred
as Vital Few, whereas remaining 20% of problem or failure
is caused by 80% of many minor factors which are also
referred as Trivial Many.
• The very purpose of Pareto Chart is to highlight the most
important factors that is the reason for major cause of
problem or failure.
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• Pareto chart is having bars graphs and line graphs
where individual factors are represented by a bar
graph in descending order of their impact and the
cumulative total is shown by a line graph.
• Pareto charts help experts in following ways:
• Distinguish between vital few and trivial many.
• Displays relative importance of causes of a problem.
• Helps to focus on causes that will have the greatest
impact when solved.
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 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
• 6. Scatter diagram
• Scatter diagram or scatter plot is basically a statistical tool that depicts
dependent variables on Y – Axis and Independent Variable on X – axis
plotted as dots on their common intersection points. Joining these
dots can highlight any existing relationship among these variables or
an equation in format Y = F(X) + C, where is C is an arbitrary constant.
• Very purpose of scatter Diagram is to establish a relationship between
problem (overall effect) and causes that are affecting.
• The relationship can be linear, curvilinear, exponential, logarithmic,
quadratic, polynomial etc. Stronger the correlation, stronger the
relationship will hold true. The variables can be positively or negatively
related defined by the slope of equation derived from t
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• By comparing current data to these lines, experts can draw
conclusions about whether the process variation is
consistent (in control, affected by common causes of
variation) or is unpredictable (out of control, affected by
special causes of variation). It helps in differentiating
common causes from special cause of variation.
• Control charts are very popular and vastly used in Quality
Control Techniques, Six Sigma (Control Phase) and also
plays an important role in defining process capability and
variations in productions. This tool also helps in identifying
how well any 
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• 7. Control Chart (Shewhart Chart)
• Control chart is also called as Shewhart Chart named
after Walter A. Shewhart is basically a statistical chart which
helps in determining if an industrial process is within control and
capable to meet the customer defined specification limits.
• The very purpose of control chart is to determine if the process is
stable and capable within current conditions.
• In Control Chart, data are plotted against time in X-axis. Control
chart will always have a central line (average or mean), an upper
line for the upper control limit and a lower line for the lower
control limit. These lines are determined from historical data.
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