MECHANICAL

VIBRATIONS

P R E S E N T E D B Y:

Rahul Singh
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Govt. Engineering College Nowgong
Syllabus

Fundamental of Vibrations
Undamped Free Vibrations of Single Degree of
Freedom Systems
Damped Free vibrations of Single Degree of Freedom
Systems
Forced vibrations of Single Degree of Freedom Systems
Two Degree of Freedom Systems
Critical Speed of Shafts
Vibration Measuring Instruments
Fundamental of vibrations

Introduction to vibrations
Terminology and basic concepts
Elements of vibratory system
Vibration Analysis Procedure
Types of vibrations
Introduction to Vibrations

Why study vibration??

Introduction to Vibrations

Earthquake-induced vibration

January 26, 2001: Earthquake in Bhuj, Gujarat, India

Introduction to Vibrations

Wind-induced vibration

Tacoma Narrows bridge in USA during wind-induced vibration. The

bridge opened 0n July 1, 1940, and collapsed on November 7, 1940.
Introduction to Vibrations

Turbo-machinery vibration

August 17, 2009: Hydro-electric power station accident in Sayano-

Shushenskaya near Savanogorsk, Russia
Introduction to Vibrations
Vibration in Helicopter

May 23, 2014: Helicopter crash in Waitsburg, Washington, USA

A Williams Helicopter Corporation UH-1H helicopter, N260TA, crashed
immediately after takeoff.
Introduction to Vibrations

Is all vibration bad??

 Introduction to Vibrations

Desirable vibrations

Musical Instrument Time Keeping

Compressors and Air-Conditioners Washing Machines Medical diagnostics equipments

Basic concepts of Vibrations

Vibrations:
 Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time is called
vibration or oscillation.
 Vibration is a periodic back-and-forth motion of the particles of
an elastic body or medium, commonly resulting when almost any
physical system is displaced from its equilibrium condition and
allowed to respond to the forces that tend to restore equilibrium.
 Examples:

Spring mass system Swinging pendulum

Basic concepts of Vibrations

Causes of vibrations:
1. Eccentric rotor or disc mounted on the shaft.
2. Misalignment of the shaft.
3. Loose fittings of the machine parts.
4. Unbalance forces and couples in the machine parts.
5. External excitation forces applied on the systems.
6. Dry friction between mating parts.
7. Wearing and tearing of machine parts.
8. Winds.
9. Earthquakes, etc.
Basic concepts of Vibrations

Disadvantages of vibrations:
1. It creates excessive stresses in machine parts.
2. It leads to loosening of assembled parts.
3. It may lead to partial or complete failure of machine parts.
4. It creates undesirable noise, etc.
Basic concepts of Vibrations

Advantages/applications of vibrations:
1. All musical instruments work on phenomenon of vibration.
2. Vibrating screens.
3. Shakers.
4. Conveyors.
5. Road diggers.
6. Massagers.
7. Concrete leveling machine.
8. In stress relieving equipment, vibrations are useful, etc.
Basic concepts of Vibrations

Methods of reducing effects of undesirable

vibrations :
1. By removing unbalanced forces and couples in machine
parts, which cause vibrations.
2. By placing the machinery on proper type of vibration
isolators.
3. By putting the sound proof screens or glass, if noise is created
due to vibrating parts.
4. By using shock absorbers, etc.
Terminology and basic concepts

 Periodic motion: A motion that repeats itself after a regular

time of interval is known as periodic motion.

Periodic motion
Terminology and basic concepts

 Simple harmonic motion (SHM):

 The motion of a body to and fro about a fixed point is
called simple harmonic motion.
 The motion is periodic .
 The motion of a simple pendulum is simple harmonic in
nature.
 It is the Pure sinusoidal (co-sinusoidal) motion.

Simple harmonic motion

Terminology and basic concepts
Example: Scotch-Yoke mechanism
 The displacement of the mass is given by:

 The velocity of the mass is given by:

 The acceleration of the mass is given by:

 Simple Harmonic Motion: The acceleration is directly

proportional to displacement from mean position and is directed
towards the mean position.
 Governing equation of SHM is:
Scotch-Yoke mechanism
Terminology and basic concepts

Summary of simple harmonic motion

Basic concepts of Vibrations

Phenomenon of vibration:
Extreme position 1
PE=max
KE=0

Mean position
PE=0
KE=max

Extreme position 2
PE=max
KE=0

Energy concept in vibration

Terminology and basic concepts

Time period (T): It is the time required to complete one

cycle. It is measured in seconds.
Frequency ( f ): It is the number of cycles per unit time or
reciprocal of time period. It is measured in cycles/sec or Hertz
(Hz).

Amplitude (A): It is the maximum displacement of a

vibrating body from its mean position.
Terminology and basic concepts

Stiffness of spring (k): It is the force required to produce

unit displacement in the direction of applied force. It is measured
in N/m.

Damping: It is the resistance to the motion of the vibrating

body, which causes a vibrating body to come to rest or
equilibrium position. Examples shock absorber, Friction
Damping coefficient (c): it is the damping force developed
per unit velocity. It is measured in N-s/m.
Terminology and basic concepts

Natural frequency: It is the frequency of free vibration.

Frequency of vibration because of its own mass and elasticity is
known as natural frequency.
Resonance: When the frequency of external excitation force
acting on body is equal to the natural frequency of vibrating
body, the body starts vibrating with excessively large amplitude.
Such state is known as resonance.
Degrees of freedom: The minimum number of independent
coordinates required to specify completely the motion of a
system at any instant is known as degrees of freedom of that
system
Terminology and basic concepts
Examples: Single degree of freedom system:

 2-DOF systems:

:
Terminology and basic concepts

3-DOF systems:

4- Infinite-number-of-degrees-of-freedom system:- Infinite number

of degrees of freedom system are termed as continuous or
distributed systems
Spring element
 Pure spring element is considered to have negligible mass and
damping.
 Force applied to it is directly proportional to spring deflection
(relative motion between ends): F=kx
 For linear springs, the potential energy stored is:

Potential energy of linear spring

Combination of springs

Springs in parallel: If we have springs in parallel, then the

deflection of actual system is equal to the deflection of each
springs.
 Equivalent spring constant is given by:

Equivalent stiffness is
equal to the sum of the
individual spring stiffness.

Arrangement of springs in parallel

Combination of springs

Springs in series: If we have springs in series, then the total

deflection of actual system is equal to sum of the deflections of
individual springs.
 Equivalent spring constant is given by:

The reciprocal of equivalent spring

stiffness is equal to the sum of the
reciprocal of individual spring
stiffness. Arrangement of springs in series
 Types of Mechanical Vibration

 Mechanical Vibration

According to motion
According to Actuating forces
of system wrt to axis

Free vibratrion Forced vibration

Longitudinal Transverse Torsional

According to external resistance

According to behaviour
Undamed Vibration Damped Vibration
of system

Linear Non-Linear
Types of vibrations

According to actuating forces:

1. Free vibration or Natural Vibration:- After disturbing the
system from its equilibrium position, the external force is
removed then the system vibrates itself due to its mass. This
type of vibrations are known as fee or natural vibration.
Example:- simple Pendulum

2. Forced vibration:- when the system vibrates under external

force means external force is continuously acting on the
system. Then such types of vibrations are known as forced
vibration. Examples vibration in Engines, electric bells ect.
Types of vibrations

According to external resistance:

1. Undamped vibration:- when no dampers are used to resist the vibratory motion of the
system. Then such vibrations are called undamped vibration.
2. Damped vibration:- When dampers are used to resist the vibratory motion of the
system. so there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, the motion
is said to be damped vibration. Then such vibrations are called damped vibration..

Undamped and damped vibration of spring mass system

Types of vibrations
 According to motion of system with
respect to axis:-
1. Longitudinal vibration
2. Transverse vibration
3. Torsional vibration

1. Longitudinal vibration :- In this, the particles

of the shaft or disc move parallel to the axis of
the shaftas shown in the above diagram.
In this case, the shaft is elongated and
shortenedalternately thus executing the tensile
and compressive stresses alternately on the
shaft.
Types of vibrations

2.Transverse vibration:- In this, the particles of the

shaft or disc move perpendicular to the axis of the
shaft as shown in the above diagram.
Here the shaft is straight and bent alternatively
and hence bending stresses are induced in the
shaft.

3. Torsional vibration:- In this, the particles of the

shaft or disc move in a circle about axis of the shaft
as shown in the above diagram.
Here the shaft is twisted and untwisted
alternatively and hence torsional shear stress is
induced in the shaft.
Types of vibrations
According to behavior of system:
1. Linear vibrations:- If all the basic
components of a vibratory system – the
spring the mass and the damper behave
linearly, the resulting vibration is known
as linear vibration. Principle of
superposition is valid in this case. Linear
vibrations are governed by linear
differential equations
2. Nonlinear vibrations:- If one or more
basic components of a vibratory system
are not linear then the system is nonlinear.
Linear and
Depending on excitation amplitude of nonlinear behavior of system
vibration become very large.
Thank you