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Elements of Virtual Perception

The human eye contains rods and cones in the retina that allow for image formation. Focusing is achieved by changing the lens shape rather than distance from the imaging plane. Brightness is perceived on a logarithmic scale and the eye can only perceive a limited range at once through brightness adaptation. Small brightness changes are detectable through discrimination experiments. Perceived intensity is affected by surrounding areas through effects like Mach bands and simultaneous contrast. Image sensing can be done with linear or circular sensor strips and sensor arrays, sampling the scene into discrete values through quantization. Color is determined by light reflection and described using concepts like grayscale, radiance, luminance and brightness.

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72 views45 pages

Elements of Virtual Perception

The human eye contains rods and cones in the retina that allow for image formation. Focusing is achieved by changing the lens shape rather than distance from the imaging plane. Brightness is perceived on a logarithmic scale and the eye can only perceive a limited range at once through brightness adaptation. Small brightness changes are detectable through discrimination experiments. Perceived intensity is affected by surrounding areas through effects like Mach bands and simultaneous contrast. Image sensing can be done with linear or circular sensor strips and sensor arrays, sampling the scene into discrete values through quantization. Color is determined by light reflection and described using concepts like grayscale, radiance, luminance and brightness.

Uploaded by

Shiva
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Elements of Virtual Perception

Human Eye
Distribution of rods and cones in the retina
Image Formation in the Eye
• In an ordinary photographic camera, the lens
has a fixed focal length. Focusing at various
distances is achieved by varying the distance
between the lens and the imaging plane,
where the film (or imaging chip in the case of
a digital camera) is located.
• In the human eye, the converse is true.
Image Formation in the Eye
• Experimental evidence indicates that
subjective brightness (intensity as perceived
by the human visual system) is a logarithmic
function of the light intensity incident on the
eye.
Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination
• The key point in interpreting the impressive dynamic range depicted is
that the visual system cannot operate over such a range simultaneously.
• Rather, it accomplishes this large variation by changing its overall
sensitivity, a phenomenon known as brightness adaptation.
• For a given set of conditions, the current sensitivity level of the visual
system is called the brightness adaptation level(Ba).
• The short intersecting curve (Bb)represents the range of subjective
brightness that the eye can perceive when adapted to this level.
• This range is rather restricted, having a level below which, all stimuli are
perceived as indistinguishable blacks.
• The upper portion of the curve is not actually restricted but, if extended
too far, loses its meaning because much higher intensities would simply
raise the adaptation level higher than Ba
Basic experimental setup used to
characterize brightness discrimination
Brightness Discrimination
• If ΔI is not bright enough, the subject says “no,” indicating no perceivable
change.
• As ΔI gets stronger, the subject may give a positive response of “yes,”
indicating a perceived change.
• Finally, when ΔI is strong enough, the subject will give a response of “yes” all
the time.
• The quantity ΔIc / I, where ΔIc is the increment of illumination discriminable
50% of the time with background illumination I, is called the Weber ratio.
• A small value of ΔIc / I means that a small percentage change in intensity is
discriminable. This represents “good” brightness discrimination.
• Conversely, a large value of ΔIc / I means that a large percentage change in
intensity is required for the eye to detect the change. This represents “poor”
brightness discrimination.
Brightness Discrimination
Mach bands by Ernst Mach,1865.
Mach bands by Ernst Mach,1865.
Illustration of the Mach band effect.
Perceived intensity is not a simple function of actual intensity.
Examples of simultaneous contrast. All the
inner squares have the same intensity, but
they appear progressively darker as the
background becomes lighter.
Image Sensing and Acquisition
Image Sensing and Acquisition
Image acquisition using linear sensor strip
and circular sensor strip.
Image acquisition using sensor array
•  
• The colors perceived in an object are determined by the
nature of the light reflected by the object.
• The only attribute of monochromatic light is its intensity.
Because the intensity of monochromatic light is perceived to
vary from black to grays and finally to white, the term gray
level is used commonly to denote monochromatic intensity.
• The range of values of monochromatic light from black to
white is usually called the gray scale, and monochromatic
images are frequently referred to as grayscale images.
• In addition to frequency, three other quantities are used to
describe a chromatic light source: radiance, luminance, and
brightness.
• Radiance is the total amount of energy that flows from the
light source, and it is usually measured in watts (W).
• Luminance, measured in lumens (lm), gives a measure of the
amount of energy an observer perceives from a light source.
For example, light emitted from a source operating in the far
infrared region of the spectrum could have significant energy
(radiance), but an observer would hardly perceive it; its
luminance would be almost zero.
• Brightness is a subjective descriptor of light perception that is
practically impossible to measure. It embodies the achromatic
notion of intensity and is one of the key factors in describing
color.
Basic Concepts in Sampling and Quantization
Basic Concepts in Sampling and Quantization
Basic Concepts in Sampling and Quantization

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