PREPARED BY:

KASIM MALEK SIR

The pile foundation is a type of deep foundation in which loads are
taken to a low level by means of vertical members which may be of
timber, concrete or steel.

Where it is placed …?
The piles may be placed separately or they may be placed in

the form of cluster throughout the length of the wall.

Where it is adopted …?
Piles are adopted when the loose soil extended to a great
depth.
 The piles are applicable at the places where:
The load coming from the structure is very high & the distribution
of the load on soil is uneven.
The subsoil water level is likely to rise or fall appreciably.
The pumping of subsoil water is too costly for keeping the
foundation trench in dry condition.
The construction of raft foundation is likely to be very expensive
or it is likely to practically impossible.
The structure is situated on sea shore or river bed and the
foundation is likely to adopted by the scouring action of water.
 Low Large Distributed Very Large Concentrated
Weight Weight Weight

Soft to
Firm Clay

Strong Rock
Location and type of structures

Ground conditions

Durability

Cost consideration
 All the loads from the super structure like,
- Live loads
- Dead loads
- Wind loads
- Seismic load

 The loads from the surrounding soil in case of seismic effect i.e
Earthquake.

 Water loads in case of off-shore structure.

 The materials which are used in the construction of piles are as
follows :-

 Timber piles

 Steel piles

 Concrete piles
Timber Steel Pipe Concrete Pre-cast
Steel H Concrete Composite

Timber Steel Concrete

- Relatively inexpensive
- Usually limited to short lengths.
- Low capacity.

 Advantages:
Easy handling. Non-corrosive material. If permanently submerged
then fairly resistant to decay.

 Disadvantages:
May require treatment to prevent decay, insects, and borers from
damaging pile. Easily damaged during hard driving and inconvenient
to splice.
 Advantages:
High axial working capacity.
Wide variety of sizes.
Easy on-site modifications.
Fairly easy to drive, minimal soil displacement, good penetration
through hard materials.

 Disadvantages:
High cost, difficulty in delivery, relatively higher corrosion, noisy
driving.
 Advantages:
High capacity, relatively inexpensive, usually durable and
corrosion resistant in many environments (not marine).

 Disadvantages:
Handling and transportation difficulties (for precast piles).
I. Load bearing piles
II. Non-load bearing piles

I. Load bearing piles :-

 It bear the load coming from the structure.
 The Piles are generally driven vertically.
 When a horizontal forces to be resisted, the inclined piles may be driven
in an inclined position and such inclined piles are termed the batter piles.
 Load bearing piles are divided into:
i. End Bearing piles
ii. Friction Piles
 This piles penetrate to through the soft soil and their bottoms
rest on a hard bed. Thus, they are end bearing piles and act as
columns or piers.

 The soft ground through which the piles pass also gives some
lateral support and this increases the load carrying capacity of
the bearing piles.
If the piles are driven till
the hard surface and the
piles act as a pillars then it
transmit load below to the
hard surface.
This type of piles are
called end-bearing piles.
Pile Load, P

Side Friction

End Bearing Pbase

 When loose soil extends to a great depth, the piles are driven up to
such a depth that the frictional resistance developed at the sides of
the piles equals the load coming on the piles.

 Great care should be taken to determine the frictional resistance

offered by the soil and suitable factor of safety should be provided
in the design.
If the piles do not reach a
hard surface but are driven
to some depth into soft soil
then,
their load carrying capacity
is derived party from end-
bearing and partly from
skin friction develop
between surface of piles &
surrounding soil.
Pile Load, P

Side Friction

End Bearing P base

 This piles are used to function as the separating members below
ground level and they are generally not designed to take any
vertical load.

 This piles are also known as the sheet piles.

 The materials used for the construction of non load bearing piles are,
i. Timber sheet piles
ii.Steel sheet piles
iii.Concrete sheet piles
• Non load bearing piles are used for the following purposes:
 To isolate foundations from the adjacent soils. This prevents
escape of soil and passage of shocks and vibrations to adjoining
structure.
 To prevent underground movement of water like to construct a
cofferdam, it requires a water tight enclosure in the construction of
foundation under water.
 To prevent the transfer of machine vibrations to the adjacent
structures.
 To construction of retaining wall.
 To protect the river banks.
 To retain the sides of foundation trenches.
• The under-reamed piles provide an ideal solution to
foundations in black cotton soil.
• They are bored concrete piles having one or more bulbs formed
by under-reaming tool.
• A pile having one bulb at the base is known as single under-
reamed pile.
• The load bearing capacity of the pile can be increased by
increasing the number of the bulbs at the base OR
by increasing the diameter and length of the pile.
• If two bulbs are provided at the base, the pile is known as
double under-reamed pile.
• The diameter of an under-reamed piles varies from 20cm to 50cm
&
• The diameter of the bulb varies from 2 to 3 times the diameter of
an under-reamed piles.

• It is reinforced with 10 to 12 mm dia. Longitudinal bars and 6

mm rings. A clear cover of 4 mm is provided.

• The under-reamed piles are connected by a reinforced concrete

beam known as capping beam.
• The equipment used for the
construction of pile consist of
spiral auger with extension rods.

• The auger should be rotated

slowly with a constant downward
pressure and taken out, when it is
full with soil.
• After boring is carried out to required depth, the diameter
of bore hole is enlarged in the form of bulb known as
under-ream.
• After piles holes are ready, reinforcement is done.
• Then concrete is poured by the use of funnel.
 There are two approaches for obtain the capacity of the pile:

o Field Approach
o Theoretical Approach

o Field Approach :- In this approach the pile is loaded to the desired

level and its capacity is measured.
A test pile of required dimensions is constructed in the field work
and load test is conducted to assess the capacity of the pile.
This approach gives more realistic estimate of pile capacity. However
it is time consuming as well as costly.
FIELD SET UP TEST SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
 Pile capacity
o Theoretical Approach :- In this approach the pile capacity is calculated
using some formula in which the soil data is fed for obtaining the capacity.

Qu = Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Bearing capacity of piles

from soil parameters:
Qs = fAs
Static Formula Method
(Qu = Qb + Qs) f = Unit Frictional Resistance

Embedded = D AS = Shaft Area (Pile surface area)

Length qb = Unit Bearing Capacity
Ab = Area of Pile Base

Q =q A
 Surrounding soil
 Installation technique (like driven or bored).
 Method of construction (like pre cast or cast in situ).
 Location of pile in a group.
 Spacing of piles in a group.
 Symmetry of the group.
 Shape of pile cap
 Location of pile cap (like above soil or below soil).
 Drainage condition in soil.
 The process of forcing the piles into the ground without
excavation is termed as the pile driving.
 The piles should be driven vertically.
 However, a tolerance of eccentricity of 2 % of the pile length is
permissible.
 The eccentricity is measured by means of plumb bob.
 The equipments required for pile driving are as follows,
• Pile fames
• Pile hammers
• Leads
• Winches
• Miscellaneous
• Pile Installation is as important as design.
There are two methods for the installation of
piles.
o Installation by Driving
o Installation by Boring
Installation by
Boring
 Installation by Driving : -
• Usually Driven piles are driven into
the ground by impact force which
causes considerable stresses in the piles.
• The forces and accelerations induced in
the pile during driving are recorded Setup to produce
using a data logger called Pile impact on the pile
Driving Analyzer( PDA).
• The data obtained by PDA will be used
to study the pile integrity and
potentially dangerous defects like
Data collector and
honey combing, cracks, presence of Analyzer called
foreign matter, etc. pile driving
• The PDA works on the principles of analyzer
wave propagation. ( PDA)
• If the driving has to be carried out by hammer, then following
factors should be take into consideration:
 The size and weight of the pile.
 The driving resistance which has to be overcome to achieve the
desired penetration.
 The available space and head room in the site because the hammer
has to be dropped from certain height.
 The availability of cranes.
 The noise restrictions which may be in force in the locality.
 Dropping weight

 Explosion

 Vibration

 Jacking (only for micro piles)

 Jetting
 Drop Hammer
Hammer Guide
Pile (pre cast/cast in situ)
Soil

Driving shoe
 The center to center distance of successive piles is known as pile spacing.

 It has to be carefully designed by considering the following factors:

1) Types of piles
2) Material of piles
3) Length of piles
4) Grouping of piles
5) Load coming on piles
6) Obstruction during pile driving
7) Nature of soil through which piles are passing.
 The spacing between piles in a group can be assumed based on the
following:

1- Friction piles need higher spacing than bearing piles.

2- Minimum spacing (S) between piles is 2.5.
3- Maximum spacing (S) between piles is 8.0.
 4 Piles 5 Piles
S
S
S S
2 Piles 3 Piles S

S
7 Piles

S S
6 Piles
 S
S

S
S S
S S
8 Piles
9 Piles