Scribd
Upload
66 views45 pages

Linear Momentum & Impulse

Here are the steps to solve problems 8-9 from page 72 in the Kerr textbook: 8) A 0.5 kg ball is thrown horizontally with an initial velocity of 5 m/s. It strikes a 1 kg block at rest on a frictionless surface and sticks. Find the velocity of the combined mass after the collision. * Define the system as the ball and block * Momentum before collision: p1,i = m1v1,i = 0.5 kg * 5 m/s = 2.5 kg m/s * Momentum after collision: p1,f + p2,f = (m1 + m2)vf * Using conservation of momentum: p

Uploaded by

tala al husseini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
66 views45 pages

Linear Momentum & Impulse

Here are the steps to solve problems 8-9 from page 72 in the Kerr textbook: 8) A 0.5 kg ball is thrown horizontally with an initial velocity of 5 m/s. It strikes a 1 kg block at rest on a frictionless surface and sticks. Find the velocity of the combined mass after the collision. * Define the system as the ball and block * Momentum before collision: p1,i = m1v1,i = 0.5 kg * 5 m/s = 2.5 kg m/s * Momentum after collision: p1,f + p2,f = (m1 + m2)vf * Using conservation of momentum: p

Uploaded by

tala al husseini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 45

Linear Momentum

&
Impulse
Define Linear Momentum = product
of objects mass x velocity

A measure of how hard it is to stop an


object.

It is like a quantity of motion.

How is it different from inertia?


Momentum (p) depends on:
mass & velocity of object.

p = mv m in kg
v in m/s
Units are … kg m no name.
s
Momentum is a
Vector Quantity

Same direction as velocity

All Energy KE too is a scalar


Change in momentum
occurs any time an object changes
velocity (speed or direction).
Momentum Change &
Newton’s 2nd Law

• F = ma
• F = m(v/t)
• Ft =mv m (vf - vi) for const mass.
• Ft = p Impulse direction is same as F.
p = Change in momentum
Equations of Momentum Change
• Impulse J = change momentum.
• J =Ft = p pf – pi.
 p = mvf – mvi

• for velocity change with constant mass can


factor out mass you can write,

• m (vf - vi) or mv.


Increased force & contact time on
object give greatest p = mv.
The more time in contact, the less
force needed to change p.
The quantity Ft (or Ft) is called
impulse (J).

Impulse (J) is the momentum change.


It has the same units.

kg m or Ns
s
1. A bus driving east hits a mosquito flying west.
Compare the impacts of each on the bus and the bug:

• Time of impact
• Force
• Impulse
• p
• Acceleration
• Damage done.
Changing momentum: bringing objects to rest
with impulse.

• Catch the egg without breaking vs dropping on


ground.
• Fall from building onto cement vs. airbag.

Same impulse,
more time = less
force.
2. Find the change in momentum of a 1 kg
mass which is dropped and hits the floor with
a velocity of 8 m/s. It bounces back up with 6
m/s.

• p = m v.
• = 1 kg( - 8 m/s – 6 m/s)
• - 14 Ns
•Stand on a skateboard catch a ball and bring
it to rest or let it bounce off?

•Bouncing causes bigger impulse than


absorbing or giving with the motion.
Graphs
Constant force F - t graph:
p /Impulse is area under curve
Force N Ft.
3. Non-Constant Force
Force vs. time graph. The area under the curve =
impulse or p change in momentum.

• How much impulse is each box on the graph?


• 5 Ns.
4. What is the change in velocity imparted
to the 0.8 kg object below?
IB Style Question
5. Water is poured from 0.5 m onto a pan balance at
30 L/min. Assume vf of water = 0. Wat = 1 kg/L.

• 1. Estimate the velocity of the water


upon hitting the pan. (Assume the
stream starts from rest).

• 2. Estimate the mass of water hitting


the pan each second.

• 3. Assuming the water’s velocity after


hitting the pan goes to zero, estimate
the reading on the pan balance in
grams.
• v2 = 2as.
• v2 = 2(10)(0.5) =
• v = 3.2 m/s

• Mass water/sec,
• 30 L / 60 s x 1 kg/ L = 0.5 kg/sec so in 1 second 0.5 kg
mass arrives at the pan balance.

• Water changes momentum Ft = mv.


• The force on the balance = mv/t,
• (0.5kg)(3.2 m/s)/ 1 s = 1.6 N

• = 160 grams.
Hwk Kerr.
• Pg 72 # 6-7
Newton’s First Law
• Object at rest or constant velocity has not
Fnet. Upward = Downward.
Newton’s 3rd Law
• Object A exerts Force F, on object B, then
object B exerts equal but opposite force on
A.

• F a,b = - F b,a.
Conservation Momentum particle interaction
N3
• FAB = - FBA.
• Ft = mv
• mva = - mvb.
t t
• Contact time, t, is the same they cancel.
• m (vfa – via ) = - m (vfb – vib )
• Expand and rearrange, collect vi on one side,
vf on the other.
•  pi = pf (Conservation of momentum).
Conservation of Momentum

• If no external force acts on a closed system,


the total momentum within the system
remains unchanged even if objects interact.

• Momentum can be transferred between


objects.
What is a system?
• Two or more objects that interact in
motion. One may transfer part or all of
its momentum to the other(s).

• Common examples: collisions,


explosions.
6. Bounce a ball off the floor
• Did the momentum of the ball change?
• Was conservation of momentum obeyed?
•What happened to the momentum?
•How much momentum was gained by Earth?

•The ball’s mass is 0.25-kg. It’s initial speed was 5.0 m/s, and its
final speed was 3.0 m/s.

•What was the change in velocity of Earth due to the collision?


(mass Earth = 6.0 x 1024 kg.)

•The impulse on the ball:


•0.25 (8 m/s) = 2.0 Ns.

• 2.0 Ns = mv
• v = 2 Ns / 6 x 1024 kg
To Calculate:
Pbefore = pafter
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1fv1f + m2fv2f

• v1 and v2 velocities for objects


one and two.
• m1 and m2 masses of objects
One Ball transfers all its momentum.
Conservation of Momentum Calc’s

• Total momentum before = total after


interactions.
• The direction of the total momentum is
conserved as well.

• Collisions.
• Explosions
• Pushing apart.
Elastic & Inelastic Collisions
Elastic: no KE (velocity) lost (to heat, light,
sound etc.) Usu. Involves objects that don’t make
contact.
KE before = KE aft.

Inelastic: involves greatest loss of KE (velocity).


Often objects stick together.
Recoil: objects initially at
rest explode or push apart
Recoil illustrates conservation
of momentum where initial and
final momentum = 0.
0 = p 1 + p 2.
7. On July 4th my family likes to shoot off fireworks. One
rocket was shot straight up, climbed to a height 18-m
and exploded into hundreds of pieces in all directions at
its highest point.

Thinking about conservation laws, think about the


rocket at its highest point just before & just after it
explodes:

How does the rocket’s momentum compare before &


after the explosion?

How does its KE compare before & after the explosion?


Throw a ball off the wall.
• How is momentum conserved?
• What is the system?
Systems, External & Internal Force

• If system is single astronaut, then external force applied by


astronaut 2, momentum not conserved –it changes.
• If system is 2 astronauts, then the force is internal and total
momentum is conserved.
State Newton 3

• If 2 objects interact, the force exerted by on


object A by object B (Fa,b), is equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction to the
force exerted on object B by object A, (-Fb,a).
1. A lamp of weight W is suspended by a wire fixed
to the ceiling. With reference to Newton’s third law
of motion, the force that is equal and opposite to W
is the:

• A. tension in the wire.


• B. force applied by the ceiling.
• C. force exerted by the lamp on the Earth.
• D. force exerted by the Earth on the lamp
2. A student is sitting on a chair. One force that is
acting on the student is the pull of gravity.
According to Newton’s third law, there must be
another force which is:

• A. the upward push of the chair on the student.


• B. the downward force on the student.
• C. the downward push of the chair on Earth.
• D. the upward force on Earth.
3. What is the reaction force for the
following:

A 0.5 kg bird glides above the earth’s surface.


It’s wings push down on the air with its
weight, 5-N, so:
How can anything have Fnet and accelerate?

• Acceleration is caused by the Fnet on a single


object. It is the sum of all the forces.

• Action/Reaction occurs for different objects.


Hwk in Kerr

• pg 72 # 8 – 9 Show work.
• IB set momentum .

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy