BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Maryam Mansoor
Lecture 7
asic Electrical Engineeri Signals and Systems

Consider an Audio Amplifier:

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asic Electrical Engineeri Signals and Systems

Consider an Audio Amplifier:

Consider a system block diagram:

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asic Electrical Engineeri Signals and Systems

Signal:
A function of one or more
independent variables which contain
some information is called a signal.

In electrical sense, the signal can be a

voltage or current. The voltage and
current are a function of time.

e.g. radio signals, tv signals, telephone

signals etc.

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asic Electrical Engineeri Signals and Systems

System:
A system is a set of elements or
functional blocks that connected
together and produces and output in
response to an input signal.

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asic Electrical Engineeri Signals and Systems

Analysis of Signals and Systems:

• Analyse the properties of the

signals (to see what kind of input
we are dealing with).

• Analyse the characteristics of the

system (to be able to predict the
output)
Signals and Systems are analysed with the help
of mathematical tools such as Fourier
transforms, Fourier series, Z transforms, Laplace
transform.
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asic Electrical Engineeri Signals and Systems

Some ways of classifying signals are:

• Continuous time / Discrete time

signals

• Deterministic / Random signals

• Periodic / Non-periodic signals

• Even(symmetrical ) / Odd
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asic Electrical Engineeri Signals and Systems

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics

Digital electronics is the sort of

electronics that is used in computers and
similar pieces of equipment, such as
mobile phones, that does complicated
processing on information.

It is different from the sort of electronics

that one gets in old radios or the old-style
telephones or televisions, which is often
called analogue electronics.

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital vs Analog

The term digital refers to the fact that the

signal is limited to only a few possible
values.

In general, digits signals are represented

by only two possible voltages on a wire - 0
volts (which we called "binary 0", or just
"0") and 5 volts (which we call "binary 1",
or just "1").

We sometimes call these values "high"

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital vs Analog

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics

Analogue electronics uses voltages that can

be any value (within limits).

The voltages often change smoothly from one

value to the next, like gradually turning a light
dimmer switch up or down.

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics
The diagram below shows an analogue
signal that changes with time:

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics

Devices exist which convert from analogue

signals to digital signals and vice-versa.

Although most signals that we can perceive in

the real world are analogue (sound levels in
speech, light levels in vision etc.), more and
more signals are being stored in digital format
(audio CDs, DVDs, digital audio cassettes
etc.)

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics

The problem with all signals is that they

acquire noise.

Noise is any unwanted change to a signal that

tends to corrupt it.

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics
The diagram below shows the digital
and analogue signals that you have seen
with added noise:   

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics

Digital signals can easily be recognised even

among all that noise.

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics

They can be put through an electronic device

that "cleans them up" and restores the
original digital signal in perfect condition.

It takes a great deal of noise to be added to a

digital signal for a 0 to be mistaken for a 1 or
vice-versa.

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics
The following are different types of basic
components (called logic gates) used in digital
electronics:

• NOT Gate
• AND Gate
• OR Gate
• NAND Gate
• NOR Gate
• XNOR Gate
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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics

Electronic gates is a circuit which implements Boolean

function and requires a power supply.

Gate INPUTS are driven by voltages having two nominal

values, e.g. 0V and 5V representing logic 0 and logic 1
respectively.

The OUTPUT of a gate provides two nominal values of

voltage only, e.g. 0V and 5V representing logic 0 and
logic 1 respectively.

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics
The Inverter (NOT gate)

• This is a simple gate, with only one input and

only one output.

• Its output is always the opposite of the input,

• i.e. if the input is 0, the output is not 0 (i.e. 1).

• If the input is 1, the output is not 1 (i.e. 0).

INPUT OUTPUT
0 1
1 0

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics
The AND gate:

Y=A.B

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics
The OR Gate

• This is similar to the AND gate except that the output goes
to 1 if either or both of the inputs is/are 1, i.e. as long as at
least one input is high:

Y=A +B

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics
The NAND Gate
This performs an AND function on the two inputs and
then inverts the output. In a situation where an AND
gate produces a 0, a NAND gate produces a 1 and
vice-versa.

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT

0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics

The NOR Gate

The NOR gate performs an OR function on the two inputs and

then inverts the output. This means that when either or both of
the two inputs is 1, the NOR gate produces 0. Only when both
the inputs are 0 does it produces 1.

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT

0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics
The Exclusive OR Gate

• This gate is often referred to as the XOR

gate.

• XOR gate as producing a 1 output when

both the inputs are different and a 0 output
when both the inputs are the same.

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics
So what do these things really look
like?

If you take the cover off a computer, or

any other piece of digital electronics such
as a DVD player, you will find that it
contains flat circuit boards with integrated
circuits fixed to it. These integrated circuits
are the "silicon chips" that look like small
black plastic rectangles with metal legs.

The silicon chip itself is embedded inside the

plastic and is about the size of a fingernail. In
complicated integrated circuits used in
computers, each of the silicon chips may
contain hundreds or thousands of logic gates,
each "etched" with chemicals onto the silicon.
You can, however, buy integrated circuits that
only contain a few logic gates, typically four
or five.
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asic Electrical Engineeri Digital Electronics

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