HYDROGRAPHIC

SURVEYING
MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING
 COVERAGE OF THIS MODULE

▫ Definitions
▫ Purposes of hydrographic surveys
▫ Basic operations

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 WHAT IS
HYDROGRAPHIC
SURVEYING?
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 What is Hydrographic Surveying

Hydrographic Surveying
▫ The process employed in gathering information concerning any
body of water and its adjacent land areas.
▫ The process of measuring and information gathering concerning
bodies of water that are necessary in the preparation of the
nautical chart.

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 HYDROGRAPHY

▫ Hydrography  the
science of measurement,
configuration, and mapping
of bodies of water with
special consideration for
their use in navigation.

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHY

▫ The oldest navigational chart known today is the Carte

Pisane, so named as it was bought in 1829 from a Pisan
family by the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
▫ It was drawn on an animal skin towards the end of the 13th
Century, probably in Genoa where a school of marine
cartography had been established;

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHY

▫ The oldest navigational chart known today is the Carte

Pisane, so named as it was bought in 1829 from a Pisan
family by the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
▫ It was drawn on an animal skin towards the end of the
13th Century, probably in Genoa where a school of marine
cartography had been established;

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BRIEF HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHY

▫ For generations the northern seamen had navigated from

one headline to another using written directions and
soundings handed down from their forebears, a method of
pilotage known as ‘caping the ship’. With the
development of printing Pierre Garcie of Rouen was the
first to publish caping information in his ‘Routier de la
Mer’, which he illustrated with simple woodcut coastal
views.

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHY

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHY

▫ By the 15th Century, Portuguese and Spanish portolans

enabled Mediterranean seamen to sail to southern England
and Flanders to load wool.

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHY

▫ Cornelius Anthonisz, a draughtsman of

Amsterdam realized that woodcut blocks
could be used to print charts on paper, his
first being his ‘Karte van Ostland’ of the
Baltic and North Seas. Whilst adopting
rhumb lines and other portolan features, he
used Ptolomy’s projection which had
recently been rediscovered in
Constantinople.
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BRIEF HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHY

▫ Anthonisz had shown the way but it was Lucas Janszoon

Waghenaer of Enkhuizen in Holland who, forty years on,
printed paper charts from copper plate engravings.
▫ In 1584, Waghenaer published his great atlas ‘Spieghel
der Zeevaerdt’ (Mirror of the Sea) containing 45 charts
covering the European coasts from Norway to the Strait of
Gibraltar

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHY

▫ Waghenaer had made the great breakthrough in

producing a paper chart designed by a seaman for seamen.
He had a number of Dutch followers so that, for over 100
years, Dutch charts were widely available, even of British
waters; eventually King Charles decided that the whole of
Britain’s coasts and harbours should be surveyed.

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHY

▫ For this massive task he selected a naval officer named

Greenville Collins, granted him the title ‘Hydrographer
to the King’ and provided him with the yacht Merlin. The
work began in 1681 and took eleven years.

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BRIEF HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHY

▫ In 1693, the resulting charts were published in an atlas

entitled ‘Great Britain’s Coasting Pilot’, which
contained 47 charts and 30 pages of tide tables, sailing
directions and coastal views. Precisely engraved, the
charts included soundings and leading lines for harbour
entry etc. The Pilot appealed to British seamen, a further
twenty editions being published during the next hundred
years.

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BRIEF HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHY

▫ During the 16th Century, a school of hydrography was

formed in Dieppe by the many sea pilots who sailed to
distant shores.
▫ In 1661, Jean Baptiste Colbert became Chief Minister to
Louis XIV and among his many tasks was that of
revitalizing the French Navy.

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BRIEF HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHY

▫ During the 16th Century, a school of hydrography was

formed in Dieppe by the many sea pilots who sailed to
distant shores.
▫ In 1661, Jean Baptiste Colbert became Chief Minister to
Louis XIV and among his many tasks was that of
revitalizing the French Navy.

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BRIEF HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHY

▫ Colbert’s cadre of hydrographers were working in New

FrQuebec led to the establishment in Paris of the ‘Dépôt
Général ance and the mass of material coming from des
Cartes et Plans’, now recognised as the first national
Hydrographic Office.

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BRIEF HISTORY OF HYDROGRAPHY

▫ With the end of the World War I, the British and French
Hydrographers jointly called for an international
Conference at which delegates from 22 countries
gathered in London in June 1919.
▫ Many Resolutions were adopted by the Conference
concerning chart standardization and finally a Resolution
to form an International Hydrographic Office with three
Directors.

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 Fields of Competence
Associated with
Hydrography

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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Maritime Transport
▫ Coastal Zone Management
▫ Exploration and Exploitation of Marine Resources
▫ Environment Protection and Management
▫ Marine Science
▫ National Spatial Data Infrastructure
▫ Maritime Boundary Delimitation
▫ Maritime Defense.
▫ Tourism
▫ Recreational boating
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Maritime Transport
⬝ More than 80% of international trade in the world is
carried by sea.
⬝ Maritime commerce is a basic element for a nation's
economy.
⬝ Many areas and ports in the world do not have
accurate nor adequate nautical chart coverage.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Maritime Transport
⬝ Modern nautical charts are required for safe
navigation through a country’s waters and along coasts
and to enter its ports.
⬝ A lack of adequate nautical charts prevents the
development of maritime trade in the waters and ports
of the concerned nations.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Maritime Transport
⬝ A solution to these problems would not be possible
without the quality maps and charts produced and
continually updated and distributed by a
Hydrographic Service.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Coastal Zone Management

⬝ Adequate coastal zone management includes items
such as:
⬝ Construction of new ports and the maintenance
⬝ and development of existing ones;
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Coastal Zone Management

⬝ Adequate coastal zone management includes items
such as:
⬝ Dredging operations for the maintenance of
charted depths and for the establishment,
monitoring and improvement of channels;
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Coastal Zone Management

⬝ Adequate coastal zone management includes items
such as:
⬝ Dredging operations for the maintenance of
charted depths and for the establishment,
monitoring and improvement of channels;
⬝ Control of coastal erosion;
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Coastal Zone Management

⬝ Adequate coastal zone management includes items
such as:
⬝ Land reclamation from the sea;
⬝ Establishment and monitoring of dumping
grounds for industrial waste;
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Coastal Zone Management

⬝ Adequate coastal zone management includes items
such as:
⬝ Extraction of mineral deposits;
⬝ Aquacultural activities;
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Coastal Zone Management

⬝ Adequate coastal zone management includes items
such as:
⬝ Transportation and public works projects
including construction of near shore infrastructure.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Exploration and exploitation of marine resource

⬝ Coastal and offshore sedimentary areas may contain
mineral deposits, in particular hydrocarbons, which
require adequate surveys in order to be identified.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Exploration and exploitation of marine resource

⬝ If the existence of these hydrocarbons is confirmed,
this will lead to the coastal nation's undertaking
development of hydrocarbon production which
implies interpretation of the sea floor morphology; .
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Exploration and exploitation of marine resource

⬝ Bathymetric, tidal and meteorological data provided
by a Hydrographic Service is a fundamental element
in the development of a hydrocarbon industry. .
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Exploration and exploitation of marine resource

⬝ The fishing industry is also a source of national
wealth. Fishermen need marine information not only
for the safe navigation of their vessels but also for safe
deployment of their fishing gear, which will prevent
costly losses. .
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Exploration and exploitation of marine resource

⬝ In addition, oceanographic charts, compiled and
produced by Hydrographic Offices, are now being
extensively used by the fishing industry.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Exploration and exploitation of marine resource

⬝ Fishery activities need detailed charts in order to:
⬝ avoid loss of fishing gear and fishing vessels on undetected
or poorly charted obstructions;
⬝ identify fishing areas;
⬝ locate areas where fishing is limited or prohibited. .
▫ Hydrographic surveying is essential to obtain timely and up-to-date
information and should be periodically repeated.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Environment Protection and Management

⬝ An essential factor for the protection of the
environment is safe and accurate navigation. Pollution
caused by wrecks and oil spills are a major damage
factor, the economic consequences of which are more
devastating than is commonly imagined, but which, in
some cases, have been estimated at US $ 3 billion for
a single incident.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Environment Protection and Management

⬝ The value of navigation services for the protection of the marine
environment has been internationally
⬝ recognized.
⬝ In this respect, it should be noted that Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 of
the United Nations Conference on the Environment and
Development (UNCED), held in 1992, recognized that
"Hydrographic charting is vitally important to navigational
safety"

⬝ .
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Marine Science
⬝ Marine science depends largely on bathymetric information.
⬝ Global tide and circulation models, local and regional models for
a wide variety of scientific studies, marine geology/geophysics,
the deployment/placement of scientific instrumentation and many
other aspects of marine science depend on bathymetry provided by
Hydrographic Services.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ National Spatial Data Infrastructure

⬝ In the information age it is realized by governments that good
quality and well managed spatial data are an essential ingredient to
economic and commercial development, and to environmental
protection.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ National Spatial Data Infrastructure

⬝ For this reason many nations are establishing national spatial data
infrastructures, bringing together the services and data sets of
major national spatial data providers, for example topography,
geodesy, geophysics, meteorology, and bathymetry.

⬝ The Hydrographic Service is an important part of the

national spatial data infrastructure.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Maritime Boundary Delimitation

⬝ Good hydrographic data is essential to proper delimitation of the
maritime boundaries as detailed in the United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Maritime Defense
⬝ Navies are major users of nautical chart products in that they must
be prepared for deployment to many areas in the world and
typically must maintain a large set of charts.
⬝ The unique risks associated with the carriage of munitions
and nuclear material make it important for such vessels to
have up-to-date information.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Maritime Defense
⬝ Navies are major users of nautical chart products in that they must
be prepared for deployment to many areas in the world and
typically must maintain a large set of charts.
⬝ The marine data and information provided by national
Hydrographic Offices support a variety of products used in
naval operations
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Maritime Defense
⬝ Surface, submarine, anti-submarine, mine-hunting and air-sea
naval operations need nautical information products very different
one from another.
⬝ Hydrographic and oceanographic data necessary for the
preparation of such products must be available if national
⬝ investment in defense is to be optimized.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Tourism
⬝ Good charts are particularly important to the development of the
economically important industry of tourism, especially involving
cruise ships.
⬝ The potential of the cruise ship industry is especially important to
developing nations.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Tourism
⬝ Yet this important source of revenue cannot be properly developed
if safe navigation to remote touristic landscapes is prevented or
limited by a lack of adequate charts.
⬝ Tourism is one of the major growth industries of the 21st Century.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Recreational Boating
⬝ It is generally not mandatory for leisure craft to carry charts and
recreational mariners often do not update their charts;
⬝ However, the advent of digital chart information is making it
possible for the recreational user to have updated chart
information readily available along with many types of value
added information such as marina locations, etc.
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Fields of Competence Associated with Hydrography

▫ Recreational Boating
⬝ This development is likely to result in the recreational leisure
sector becoming a significantly larger user of the hydrographic
data as greater numbers of people become able to afford boat
ownership
 What is Hydrographic Surveying

Hydrographic Survey Terms:

▫ Hydrographic chart  A chart containing information regarding
the characteristics and topography of the underlying water bed
which are primarily important to underwater surveying works
and navigation.

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 What is Hydrographic Surveying

Hydrographic Survey Terms:

▫ Tide  The rise and fall of water surface due to the
gravitational attraction of the sun and the moon on the earth.
▫ High tide  It refers to the maximum height of water above the
reference plane during a given period.
▫ Low tide  It refers to the lowest possible height of the water
surface below the reference plane during a given period.

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 What is Hydrographic Surveying

Hydrographic Survey Terms:

▫ Tide  The rise and fall of water surface due to the
gravitational attraction of the sun and the moon on the earth.
▫ High tide  It refers to the maximum height of water above the
reference plane during a given period.
▫ Low tide  It refers to the lowest possible height of the water
surface below the reference plane during a given period.

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 What is Hydrographic Surveying

Hydrographic Survey Terms:

▫ Set  It refers to the current flow direction.
▫ Flood tide  The period within which the water surface is
moving ashore.
▫ Ebb tide  The period within which the water surface subsides
and flows back to the sea.
▫ Sounding  The determination of the water depth at a certain
fixed point.

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 What is Hydrographic Surveying

Hydrographic Survey Terms:

▫ Stay line  A wire or a rope across the river attached to the two
poles at the river banks and used hold the boat in place.
▫ Slack water  An instant in which the tidal current is changing
its direction and flows neither in or out.
▫ Drift  It refers to the speed of the current flow.
▫ Stream gaging  The art of making measurements of the flow
of water in open channels
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 What is Hydrographic Surveying

Hydrographic Survey Terms:

▫ Gaging station  The selected site on a stream which is
occupied and operated so as to furnish the basic data from
which systematic records of discharge can be derived.
▫ Current meter  an instrument used in measuring the velocity
of the water flowing in a river section.
▫ Wire drag  Used to locate wrecks, rocks, and other
navigational hazards.
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 What is Hydrographic Surveying

Hydrographic Survey Terms:

▫ Gangue  Undesired minerals associated with ore.
▫ Fathom  A unit used for the measurement of water depth and
is equivalent to 6 feet.
▫ Tidal Datums  specific tide levels which are used as surfaces
of reference for depth measurements in the sea and as a base for
the determinations of elevation on land.

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 What is Hydrographic Surveying

Hydrographic Survey Terms:

▫ Discharge  the volume of water flowing past a section of a
stream, canal, flume and other waterways. It has a unit of cubic
meter per second.
▫ Stream  a current or steady flow of water running along the
Earth’s surface.

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 What is Hydrographic Surveying

Hydrographic Survey Terms:

▫ Dredging  the process of scooping or sucking up mud, sand,
rocks and other material underwater for the purpose of
enlarging, deepening or clearing bodies of water.
▫ Subaqueous Contour  an imaginary line on the surface of the
earth found underwater, all points of which are of the same
elevation. They are sometimes known as depth curves or
bathymetric contours.
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WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF
HYDROGRAPHIC
SURVEYING?
 What is the purpose of Hydrographic Surveying?

Hydrographic Surveys are usually made for the purpose of:

▫ Providing data for the preparation of hydrographic maps and
nautical charts needed in navigation, harbor improvement,
yardage and dredging projects.
▫ Flood control, water supply, hydro-electric power development,
pipeline and underground cable crossings, and irrigation.

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 What is the purpose of Hydrographic Surveying?

Hydrographic Surveys are usually made for the purpose of:

▫ Obtaining information needed for the design of bridges, dams,
seawalls, culverts, sewage disposal plants, lighthouses, docks
and other structures.
▫ Determining the volume of impounded water, direction and
velocity of currents, drainage areas, and the capacity of a
containing basin.

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 What is the purpose of Hydrographic Surveying?

Hydrographic Surveys are usually made for the purpose of:

▫ Gathering data needed for the establishment of tidal datums.
▫ Locating navigational hazards such as submerged obstructions,
sunken vessels, sand bars, rocks, shoals, and coral reefs.

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BASIC OPERATIONS
INVOLVED IN
HYDROGRAPHIC
SURVEYING

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 Basic Operations in Hydrographic Surveying

▫ Reconnaissance
▫ Establishment of Horizontal Control
▫ Establish of Vertical Control
▫ Topographic Survey
▫ Hydrography
▫ Preparation of Hydrographic Map

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 Basic Operations in Hydrographic Surveying

▫ Reconnaissance
⬝ A preliminary step is the careful reconnaissance of the area
to be surveyed.
⬝ This is done in order to select the most suitable manner of
executing the survey and in planning all phases of work.

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 Basic Operations in Hydrographic Surveying

▫ Reconnaissance
⬝ It is always seen to it that a project is completed it that the
project is completed in accordance with plans and
specifications provided for such work.

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 Basic Operations in Hydrographic Surveying

▫ Reconnaissance
⬝ Reconnaissance may be performed by ground, on water, or
by air.
⬝ In many instances, aerial photo graphs or previously
prepared maps and charts are used for reference and in
planning the survey.

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 Basic Operations in Hydrographic Surveying

▫ Establishment of Horizontal Control

⬝ The second step is the establishment of framework by
which land and water features are held in their true
relationship to each other.
⬝ Horizontal control is usually defined by triangulation
systems.

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 Basic Operations in Hydrographic Surveying

▫ Establishment of Horizontal Control

⬝ Every effort should be made to obtain and utilize data from
previously established controls.
⬝ Also, it is desirable to take by sights on all objects which
will be useful as control points for the topographic survey
of the nearby land area.

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 Basic Operations in Hydrographic Surveying

▫ Establishment of Horizontal Control

⬝ Similarly, the position of hydrographic signals should be
determined as these will be referred to later when locating
soundings.
⬝ These signals should be erected at locations along the shore
and which could be used to strategically control the defined
boundaries of the survey site.
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 Basic Operations in Hydrographic Surveying

▫ Establish of Vertical Control

⬝ Prior to the execution of sounding operations, vertical
control must first be defined in order that the elevation or
stage of the water surface can be correctly referenced.
⬝ Vertical control data are also needed for the limited
topography which will be portrayed on a nautical chart.

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 Basic Operations in Hydrographic Surveying

▫ Establish of Vertical Control

⬝ At times it will be necessary to establish a tide station to
observe the tidal fluctuations which will be needed to
define the plane of reference for the soundings.
⬝ The established datum is then tied to nearby bench marks
by differential leveling.

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 Basic Operations in Hydrographic Surveying
▫ Topographic Survey
⬝ In a hydrographic map or nautical chart, only a relatively
narrow fringe of the nearby ground surface is shown since
the expected users are not particularly interested in this area
except for a few prominent landmarks, which could be used
for referencing positions.
⬝ A topographic survey is performed to include this limited
topography.
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 Basic Operations in Hydrographic Surveying

▫ Hydrography
⬝ The measurement of water depths and establishing their
respective locations are the most important operations in a
hydro graphic survey.
⬝ Different procedures and techniques have been devised to
suit various field conditions, scope of work, purpose and
the desired accuracy of the hydrographic survey.
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Higher Surveying by Juny La Putt
Basic Operations in Hydrographic Surveying

▫ Preparation of Hydrographic Map

⬝ The final product of a hydrographic survey is the
preparation of a hydrographic map or nautical chart.
⬝ In the case of subsurface surveys for engineering
requirements, the end result may be the calculation of water
volume contained in a body of water, amount of dredged
material, discharge of a stream, or the fluctuations of level
in a body of water.

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 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY ACTIVITY SAMPLE

▫ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YjredLVUc9k
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THANKS!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
russeljohn_clarete@psau.edu.ph

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 FOR YOUR ASSIGNMENT

▫ Make a lecture of this topic

▫ It may be computerized or written. You may include some
illustrations
▫ Submit it through a PDF Format.
▫ Deadline: Due for 1 week.

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