Hydropower

Ayaz Hussain

Department of Electrical Engineering

Balochistan UET Khuzdar

2019
 Hydropower

 HYDRO POWER

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 Hydropower

 What is Hydropower?
 Hydropower (from hydro meaning water) is energy that comes
from the force of moving water. The fall and movement of water is
part of a continuous natural cycle called the water cycle.

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 Hydropower

 Why Hydropower?
 It is only form of energy that has been fully developed and not
much research is needed to exploit it.
 All that it requires is:
 Proper attention
 Political stability

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 The Water Cycle

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 Why Hydropower?
 In addition to the water cycle, hydropower is dependent upon
stored gravitational energy. A rock on top of a hill contains
potential energy because of its position. If a force pushes the
rock, it rolls down the hill because of the force of gravity.
Potential energy is then converted to kinetic energy until it
reaches the bottom of the hill and stops.

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 World’s First Hydropower Plant

 In 1880, the Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company
used a water turbine to generate enough electricity to power 16
lights.
 In 1882, the world’s first hydroelectric power plant began
operation on the Fox River in Appleton, USA.
 The plant, later named the Appleton Edison Light Company, was
initiated by Appleton paper manufacturer H.F. Rogers, who had
been inspired by Thomas Edison's plans for an electricity-
producing station in New York.

Fig. World’s first hydropower plant USA 7

 Hydropower

 Hydroelectric Generation by Country

o Billion kilowatt-hours

China

Canada

Brazil 2015 2014 2013 2012

2011 2010
United States

Russia

Norway

India

Venezuela

Japan

Sweden
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

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 Hydropower

 Energy in Pakistan
 The demand for energy has increased in tremendous proportions in the last
few decades in Pakistan; the same is expected to increase further in the
coming years.
 The primary sources of energy available in Pakistan are oil, natural gas,
hydro, and nuclear Power.

Fig.01 Share in electricity generation in Pakistan

Reference [1] http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/2018/07/30/food-education-water-energy-facts-figures/res3-gph3-8/ 9

 Hydropower

 Hydropower Plant
 Near the bottom of the dam wall there is a water intake. Gravity
causes it to fall through the penstock inside the dam. At the end
of the penstock there is a turbine propeller, which is turned by
the moving water. The shaft from the turbine goes up into the
generator, which produces the power.

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 Turbine Generator
 In a hydropower plant, a hydraulic turbine converts the energy of
flowing water into mechanical energy.
 A hydroelectric generator converts this mechanical energy into
electricity.

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 Advantages of Hydro-power
Plant
 Renewable energy

 Clean energy source

 Domestic energy source

 Generally available as needed

 Provides recreational opportunities

 Water supply and flood control

 High efficiency of hydroelectric

power plants than thermal power
plant
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 Hydropower

 Disadvantages of Hydro-power Plant

 The initial cost of the power plant is very high
 Takes long time for construction of the dam
 Fish population
 Ecosystems of rivers and streams
 Drought
 Impact on local environment and land use
 Large scale human displacement
 Power generation by hydro power plant is
only dependent on natural phenomenon of
rain. Therefore at the time of drought or
summer session the Hydro Power Plant will
not work

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 Power Plant Efficiency

 Efficiency of a power plant is determined by calculating the
amount of energy going into a power plant compared to the
amount of useful energy generated by the plant.
 Thermal Power Plant

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 Power Plant Efficiency

 A hydropower plant, on the other hand, converts about 95 percent
of kinetic energy of the water flowing through the system into
electricity.
 Thermal Power Plant (Coal) VS. Hydro Kinetic energy Conversion

35% 95%

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 Hydropower

 Hydropower Plants
Classification of hydropower plants

According to According to
According to According to According to According to hydrological
Capacity head purpose facility relation transmission
types system

Large
High Run-of-River
Isolated
Single
Single purpose
Medium
Reservoirs
Medium Connected to
grid
Cascade
Small
Multi purpose

In-stream
Mini Low

Micro Pumped
storage

Pico
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 Hydropower

 Hydropower Plants
Classification of hydropower plants

According to
Capacity
 Classification according to capacity
Large  LARGE: >100 MW

Medium
 MEDIUM: 25 - 100 MW

 SMALL: 1 - 25 MW
Small

 MINI: 100 KW - 1MW

Mini
 MICRO: 5 - 100 KW
Micro
 PICO: < 5 KW

Pico
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 Hydropower Plants
Classification of
 Low Head
hydropower plants  A power station operating under heads 30 or less than
30m to produce energy.
According to
head
 Medium Head
 A power station operating under heads from 30m to
300m
High  High Head
 A power station operating under heads above about
300m.
Medium

Low

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 Hydropower Plants
Classification of
hydropower plants

 Single-Purpose
According to
purpose
 When the whole soul purpose of a project is to
produce electricity then such a project is known as a
Single Purpose Hydro Power Project.
Single purpose

 Multi-Purpose
 When the water used in hydropower project is to be
Multi purpose used for other purposes like irrigation, flood control
or fisheries then such a project is known as Multi
Purpose Hydro Power Project.

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 Hydropower

 Hydropower Plants
Classification of hydropower plants

According to  Run-of-River Type

facility
types  These are hydro power plants that utilize the stream
flow as it comes, without any storage being provided.
Run-of-River  For example,
 The Suki Kinari Hydroproject in Naran, KPK

Reservoirs

In-stream

Pumped
storage

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 Hydropower

 Hydropower Plants
Classification of hydropower plants

According to  Reservoir (Storage) Type

facility
types  Plants with large storage reservoir, developed by
constructing dams across rivers.
Run-of-River

Reservoirs

In-stream

Pumped
storage

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 Hydropower Plants  In-stream Type

 When the velocity of water i.e., kinetic
Classification of hydropower plants energy flowing in the stream is used
for conversion into electrical power,
According to then the system is known as In-
facility
types stream.

Run-of-River

Reservoirs

In-stream

Pumped
storage

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 Hydropower Plants Pumped Storage Type

 Pumped storage type hydropower plants are
Classification of hydropower plants those which utilize the flow of water from a
reservoir at higher potential to one at lower
According to potential.
facility
types  During off-peak hours, the reversible units are
supplied with the excess electricity available
Run-of-River in the power grid which then pumps part of
the water of the tail-water pond back into the
head-water pond.
Reservoirs

In-stream

Pumped
storage

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 Hydropower

 Hydropower Plants
Classification of
hydropower plants

According to
 Single-Stage Type
hydrological
relation
 When a single plant is diverted back
into river for any other purpose other
than power generation, the setup is
Single
known as Single Stage
 Cascade System Type
 When two or more hydropower plants
Cascade are used in series such that the runoff
discharge of one hydro power plant is
used as the is a intake discharge of
the second hydro power plant such a
system is known as CASCADE
hydropower plant.

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 Hydropower

 Hydropower Plants
Classification of
hydropower plants  Isolated
 Whenever a hydropower plant is set up in a remote
According to
area in order to meet the local demands then such
transmission
system a hydropower plant is known as Isolated System.
 Connected to Grid
Isolated
 Whenever the hydropower plant is set up to meet
the demands of areas which are at a fair distance
Connected to
from the plant, then the transmission of power
grid takes through the grid system. Such a setup is
referred to as Connected to grid.

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 Hydropower

 Why Hydropower in Pakistan?

 Geography of Pakistan supports hydropower generation at large
scale
 This flow can be generated through dams built on rivers, barrage
etc.
 We can exploit the natural flow of water in mountains regions
 Most important---Renewable
 Current Situation of Pakistan
 Power shortage
 High cost of generation
 Dependence on foreign oil
 Economics drawbacks
 Frequently power shutdowns
 High demand, low generation

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 Hydropower in Pakistan

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 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 28
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 29
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://environmentdefencer.wordpress.com/tag/tarbela-dam/ 30
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://environmentdefencer.wordpress.com/tag/tarbela-dam/ 31
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 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 32
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

 Complete and ongoing mega projects

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 33
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 34
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 35
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 36
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan
 Ongoing Projects
 Neelam Jhelum Project
 Near Muzaffarabad on conjunction river Neelum and river Jhelum
 Installed capacity - 969 MW
 Turbines – 4x242MW
 The strategically crucial Neelum-Jhelum hydropower project achieved
a historic landmark, as the project attained its maximum generation
capacity of 969 megawatts (MW) on 14 August 2018.

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 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 38
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 39
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 40
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 41
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

 Complete and ongoing mega projects

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 42
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 43
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 44
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 45
 Hydropower

 Hydropower in Pakistan

[Reference] https://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan 46