REGENERATIVE BRAKING

SYSTEM
 Introduction
• Brakes are employed to stop or retard the motion of any moving body.
Thus, in automobiles the brakes are having the most important function to
perform.
• In Traditional Braking System, brake pads produce friction with the brake
rotors to slow or stop the vehicle. Additional friction is produced between
the slowed wheels and the surface of the road. This friction is what turns
the car's kinetic energy into heat.
• Regenerative brake is an energy recovery mechanism which slows a
vehicle by converting its kinetic energy into another form, which can be
either used immediately or stored until needed. [1]
• In a regenerative braking system, the objective is to recapture the energy
byproduct that results when the brakes are applied. In electric or hybrid
automobiles, the electric motor that drives the car's wheels plays a major
part during braking.
 Basic Elements Of Regenerative Brakes
• Energy Storage Unit(ESU): The ESU performs two primary functions • To recover &
store braking energy • To absorb excess engine energy during light load operation. Eg.:
Flywheel, Battery.

• Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT): A continuously variable transmission is

an automatic transmission that can change seamlessly through a continuous range of
effective gear ratios. The flexibility of a CVT allows the input shaft to maintain a
constant angular velocity allowing a smooth and controlled energy flow to and from
vehicle wheels to energy storage unit.[2]

• Controller: An “ON-OFF” engine control system is used. That means that the engine
is “ON” until the energy storage unit has been reached the desired charge capacity and
then is decoupled and stopped.

• Regenerative Brake Controllers: The most important function of the brake controller,
however, may be deciding whether the motor is currently capable of handling the force
necessary for stopping the car. If it isn't, the brake controller turns the job over to the
friction brakes.
 Different Types of Regenerative Braking
1. Electric Regenerative braking: In an
electric system which is driven only by
means of electric motor the system
consists of an electric motor which acts
both as generator and motor. Initially
when the system is cruising the power is
supplied by the motor and when the
there is a necessity for braking
depending upon driver’s applied force
on the brake pedal the electronic unit
controls the charge flowing through the motor and due to the resistance offered
motor rotates back to act as a generator and the energy is energy is stored in a
battery or bank of twin layer capacitors for later use.[3]

2. Hydraulic Regenerative Brakes:In the HRB system, braking energy is

converted to hydraulic pressure and stored in a high pressure hydraulic
accumulator. When the vehicle accelerates, the stored hydraulic energy is
applied to the transmission reducing the energy that the combustion engine has
to provide.
3. Fly Wheel Regenerative Braking System :The basic idea is that the
rotating part of the engine incorporates a wheel with a very heavy
metal rim, and this drives whatever machine or device the engine is connected
to. If an engine supplies power erratically, the flywheel compensates,
absorbing extra power and making up for temporary lulls, so the machine or
equipment it's connected to is driven more smoothly.
 Why I Selected Regenerative Braking System?

• Firstly, The regenerative braking system is the need of the

hour as delivers a number of significant advantages over a car
that only has friction brakes.

• It recovers the energy lost during braking and if more work is

done on this field energy can be saved upto a great extent.
 Literature Review
1. Development of a compact regenerative braking system for electric
vehicles: A compact regenerative system for EVs was developed and tested at
the TUCer-14 prototype. The main advantages of the system is its compact
design and the plug-and-play philosophy. Its control strategy consists of a
simple set of rules applied on data provided by the two system’s sensors. The
combination of this control system with the hardware of MOS-FETs, SCs and
buck converters results to an integrated regenerative braking system operating
in three individual, mutually exclusive modes: charging, discharging and FC
operation. On-road testing proved the reliability and the efficiency of the
system on a prototype EV.[4]
2. Modification of Existing Regenerative Braking System for Electric
Vehicle: The mechanism of electric motor’s braking method encompassing converts
parts of kinetic dynamisms of automobile as electric power while braking. This
electric power passes to the battery for further battery charges and electric mobility
mileage increases compared to conventional engines. When driving in decelerating
the inertia of the vehicle wheels through the transmission of energy to pass through to
the motor, to control electrical engineering with the generating electricity a way work
refreshes for power battery and achieve the regeneration of braking energy. The
power developed in the course of the motor braking torque remain used over
transmission of the steering wheel brake, consequential in braking power. The
innovative regenerative braking with kinetic energy regenerative system (KERS)
saved more energy than normal regenerative braking. The life of the KERS more than
the steering wheel brake system. The KERS and normal regenerative pressure is
11.94% and 4.95% respectively.[5]
3. Fabrication and Analysis of Regenerative Braking System:
In this paper, the regenerative braking system (RBS) is
implemented in the hybrid vehicle which is made to run using
internal combustion engine and batteries. A regenerative brake is
an apparatus, a device or a system which allows the vehicle to
recapture and store some part of the kinetic energy that would be
'lost' as heat during applying brake. The total amount of energy
lost in this way depends on how many times, how hard and for
how long the brakes are applied. Energy lost during braking in
this hybrid vehicle is used to recharge the battery. Since
regenerative braking results in an additional increase in energy
output for a given energy input to a vehicle, the efficiency is
improved. It is used to improve the overall efficiency of the
vehicle by 25% using RBS. The dynamo is fixed on the rear
wheel of the vehicle which is beneficial in two ways, one that it
helps to covert the kinetic energy into electrical energy and other
that it controls the friction produced inside the wheel which in
turn increases the life time of brake pads. Fixed at clearance angle
using weld it shifts from wheel hub to wheel rim while
application of brake giving more effectiveness to the vehicle.[6]
 Applications
• Cars With Regenerative Brakes:
The following cars have electric regen brakes employed in their system
• Toyota Prius
• Aston Martin DB7 & DB9
• Tesla Roadster
• Lamborghini Huracan
• Porsche Cayman 911
• Auto Racing: Formula one cars use either a four flywheel
or electric generator system to store energy under braking.
This stored energy can then be utilized by the driver by
pushing a button on their steering wheel. The FIA restricts the
use to 6.67 seconds per lap during which the system gives the
car an extra 81 hp.
• SUPER-CAPACITOR IN MAZDA A-6:Super capacitor accept
and release charge much more quickly. It can be discharged and recharged
many more times and with far deterioration than a battery. The Mazda Unit
can accept a full charge in just 8- 10 seconds. The capacitor may take up to
about 113s when the load is at minimum about 18A.
• Regenerative Braking in Trains:
Railway systems working with AC
power can implement regenerative
braking with almost no additional
costs. Also the implementation of
regenerative braking in diesel
powered locomotives poses no
obstacle. Virtually all locomotives are
diesel-electric, so the capacity to do
regenerative braking is available.

Jaipur Metro uses the Regenerative

Braking System & saves 35% of
Electricity.
 Future Innovations
• As regenerative braking save up to 30% of energy new inventions can be
discovered in the form of new electric motors through which more energy
can be saved and installed in many vehicles which can helpful in avoidance
of transmission losses, increase the efficiency and helpful in for
conservation of energy for greener future.
• Since this environment is getting worsen due to the pollution emitted by
the petrol or diesel cars. It’s better to get opted to hybrid or electric
vehicles. Various other systems like regenerative braking system gives
additional advantage to these vehicles.
 Conclusion
• Regenerative braking conserve energy lost during conventional braking
and this braking system can operate at high temperature operating range
and efficient than other braking system.
• Regenerative braking system has a vast scope for further development and
energy savings. The use of more efficient systems could lead to huge
savings in the economy of any country.
• In low-speed, stop- and-go traffic where little deceleration is required; the
regenerative braking system can provide the majority of the total braking
force. This vastly improves fuel economy with a vehicle, and further
enhances the attractiveness of vehicles using regenerative braking for city
driving. At higher speeds, too, regenerative braking has been shown to
contribute to improved fuel economy – by as much as 20%.
 References
1. Cibulka, J. Kinetic energy recovery system by means of flywheel energy storage
Advanced engineering 3(2009)1, ISSN 1846-5900
2. Scribd.com/regen_braking_system
3. Juan W. Dixon, Micah Ortúzar and Eduardo Wiechmann*, “Regenerative Braking
for an Electric Vehicle Using Ultracapacitors and a Buck-Boost Converter”
4. Development of a compact regenerative braking system for electric vehicles by
Giannis Tzortzis , Alexandros Amargianos , Savvas Piperidis , Eftichios
Koutroulis and Nikos C. Tsourveloudis
5. Modification of Existing Regenerative Braking System for Electric Vehicle by
P. Suresh Kumar, Swapnil Joshi, N. Prasanthi Kumari, Sathyajit Nair, Suman
Chatterjee
6. Fabrication and Analysis of Regenerative Braking System by R. Senthilkumar, K.
Tamizharasan, T. Sowndharya, M. Krthikajain.