Given with two problem situations, which situation

do you think is fit for descriptive or inferential

analysis, A or B.
A B
A university psychometrician is A guidance counsellor
interested to find out if there is wants to find out the
significant difference in the percentage distribution of
grade point average of students male and female students
coming from public schools and and their course
private schools. All university preferences.
freshmen (1,825 students)
were taken as sample
DATA ANALYSIS
* Purpose

1. To answer the research questions.

2. To determine the differences and relationships

between or among variables.
 Kinds of Data Analysis

Descriptive

Inferential
 Descriptive Analysis
Description of the data from a particular sample.

Conclusion is drawn from the sample.

This summarizes the data and describes sample

characteristics.
 Descriptive Statistics

Numerical values obtained

from the sample that gives
meaning to the data collected.
 Scales of Measurement
Scale Description Example
Nominal Categories do not have Sex: Male, Female
mathematical values. Color: Red, White,
Yellow

Ordinal Categories can be Degree of Malnutrition: 1st

degree, 2nd degree, 3rd degree
ranked. Honor roll: 1st, 2nd , 3rd

Interval The data have Test Scores: 20, 35, 25,

33 . . .
numerical value. No
Body Temperature: 34, 35,
zero point. 38

Ratio The same as interval No. of Children: 0, 1, 2, 3,

data but the zero point 4, 5
Hrs. Spent in Studying: 0, 3,
is fixed. 5,10
 Classification of Descriptive Analysis
A. Frequency Distribution
 indicates the number and
percentage of responses for each
category.
 Useful measure for analyzing
nominal and ordinal data.
 e.g.

Distribution of Trainees according Sex

Sex Frequency Percent

Male 4 10.81
Female 33 89.21
Total 37 100
 e.g.

Distribution of Children by Nutritional Status

Nutritional Status Number Percent
Normal 30 40
1st degree malnourished 20 26.7
2nd degree malnourished 15 20
3rd degree malnourished 10 13.3

Total 75 100
 Measures of Central Tendency
Mean
 the average of all values
 useful in analyzing interval and ratio data

 e. g.: Scores of students in an achievement test

82 83 85 87 87 88 90 91 93 94 95 95 96
Mean = Sum of 82+83+85 . . . +96 = 1266/15
= 84.4
Mode

the most frequently occurring

number in a set of numbers.
e.g. In the scores below, what do you think is
the mode?
82 83 85 87 87 8 90 90 90 91 93 93 96 97 98
Median

 the midpoint of a group interval

numbers arranged from lowest to
highest
In the scores below, what is the
median?
82 83 85 87 87 88 90 91 93 93 94 95 95 95 96
 Measures of Variability
1. Range
- Lowest
Highestvalue
value
+1
e. g.
In the sample data below, the highest score is
97, while the lowest is 82. What is the range?

82 83 85 87 87 88 90 90 91 93 93 96 97 97
2. Standard Deviation
Indicates the average to which the scores
deviates from the mean.
 Inferential Analysis
The use of statistical tests, either to test for significant differences or relationships between or
among variables.

To find statistical support for the hypothesis.

Are numerical values that enable the researcher to draw
conclusion about a population based on the
characteristics of a population sample.

This is based on laws of probability.

Level of Significance

A numerical value set before the collection of data to

indicate the probability of erroneous findings being
as accepted as true.

The value is represented typically as .01 or .05 (Macsey

1991). The smaller the alpha level, the smaller the area
where you would reject the null hypothesis.
Level of Significance
Inferential Statistical Tools

1. t- test for Independent Samples

used to determine the difference
between the means of two
independent groups.
e. g.

Test whether boys and girls differ

significantly in their College Entrance Test
performance in English. The samples are
randomly chosen from a population of
normal distribution.
2. Paired-Samples t - test
To determine whether there is
difference on mean between two sets
of observations on each subject or
entity.
e.g.

An experimental study on spelling was

conducted on a group of 30 students
using pre-test and post test design. Test
the hypothesis that the mean scores of
students in the pre-test is not
significantly different from their mean
scores in the post test.
3.

- is used when you have one

independent variable with three
or more levels (groups) and one
dependent continuous variable.
e.g.

The researcher wants to find out if

there is a difference in optimism
scores for young, middle aged and
old subjects.
4. Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient or Pearson’s r
Measure of linear correlation between two
variables x and y.

Can take on only values – 1 to + 1.

Positive or Negative correlation

e.g.

A psychologist wants to find out if

there is relationship between academic
performance achievement and coping
skills. Both variables are measured in
interval scales. A random sample of 100
was selected from the target population.
 Given with two problem situations, which situation
do you think is fit for descriptive or inferential
analysis, A or B.
A B
A university psychometrician is A guidance counsellor
interested to find out if there is wants to find out the
significant difference in the percentage distribution of
grade point average of students male and female students
coming from public schools and and their course
private schools. All university preferences.
freshmen (1,825 students)
were taken as sample
Sample Problems
1. A prawn farm technician wants to find
out the ABW of his stock and also to
determine the most prevalent size weight.

2. The researcher wants to determine the

relationship between trainers’ coping skills
and overall performance in the training.
Sample Problems
3. The trainers are interested to find out the
coping skills of male and female participants
in the training. Sample was randomly chosen
from the six areas of training course.

4. The trainers want to determine if there

is a difference on the optimism scores
for young, middle and old trainees in
getting the completion certificate.
Daghang salamat sa
inyong pagminaw na
ko.