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Air Turbulence: by Sharmin Naz 2 Year Mba

Turbulence is an unpredictable weather phenomenon that causes irregular motion in the air from eddies and currents, ranging from light bumps to moments of loss of aircraft control or structural damage. It is categorized by intensity from light to extreme. The main types of turbulence are clear air, thermal from uneven heating, wake from aircraft, mountain waves, mechanical from wind over obstructions, frontal from lifting air, and wind shear. Pilots can spot turbulence by monitoring weather before takeoff, using radio communication, weather radar displays, and studying cloud formations like lenticular, rotor, cumulus-type, and thunderstorm clouds.

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51 views8 pages

Air Turbulence: by Sharmin Naz 2 Year Mba

Turbulence is an unpredictable weather phenomenon that causes irregular motion in the air from eddies and currents, ranging from light bumps to moments of loss of aircraft control or structural damage. It is categorized by intensity from light to extreme. The main types of turbulence are clear air, thermal from uneven heating, wake from aircraft, mountain waves, mechanical from wind over obstructions, frontal from lifting air, and wind shear. Pilots can spot turbulence by monitoring weather before takeoff, using radio communication, weather radar displays, and studying cloud formations like lenticular, rotor, cumulus-type, and thunderstorm clouds.

Uploaded by

Sharmin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AIR TURBULENCE

BY SHARMIN NAZ
2 N D YEAR MBA
TURBULENCE
Turbulence is one of the most unpredictable of all the
weather phenomena that are of significance to pilots.
Turbulence is an irregular motion of the air resulting from
eddies and vertical currents. It may be as significant as a few
annoying bumps or severe enough to momentarily throw an
airplane out of control or to cause structural damage.
INTENSITY OF TURBULENCE
The intensity of turbulence is categorized by the ICAO as follows:
 Light : Effects are less than those of moderate intensity.
Moderate : There may be moderate changes in aircraft altitude and/or
height but the aircraft remains in control at all times. There is
difficulty in walking. Loose objects move about.
Severe: Abrupt changes in aircraft altitude and/or height. The aircraft
may be out of control for short periods. Loose objects are tossed
about.
Extreme: Effects are more pronounced than for severe intensity.
TYPES OF TURBULENCE
There are 7 types of turbulence:
 Clear Air Turbulence: The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) defines clear air
turbulence (CAT) as “sudden severe turbulence occurring in cloudless regions that
causes violent buffeting of aircraft.”
 Thermal Turbulence: Thermal turbulence is caused by solar heating of the surface,
which in turn heats the lower atmosphere resulting in uneven convective currents, which
lead to turbulence.
 Wake Turbulence: This turbulence is caused by the plane themselves making a “hole”
through the air and disrupting it.
 Mountain Wave Turbulence: Mountain waves are turbulent eddies that are found
downwind from mountain ridges. These produce some of the most severe turbulence.
 Mechanical Turbulence: When the air near the surface of the Earth flows over
obstructions, such as bluffs, hills, mountains or buildings, the normal horizontal wind
flow is disturbed and transformed into a complicated pattern of eddies and other
irregular air movements.
 Frontal Turbulence: Frontal turbulence is caused by lifting of warm air, a frontal
surface leading to instability or abrupt wind shift between the warm and cold masses.
This is common when severe weather and thunderstorms develop.
 Wind Shear: Wind shear is the change in wind direction and/or speed over a specific
horizontal or vertical distance. This could happen near areas where the temperature rises
with altitude, near storm systems and around jet streams.
How can pilots spot turbulence?
1. Measuring Conditions Before Take off: Before take off, pilots carefully monitor
weather conditions. They work carefully with meteorologists to chart the best course
to avoid the worst of the bumps.
2. Radio Communication
3. Weather Radar Display: While in the air, pilots rely upon weather radar display to
indicate upcoming turbulence and alert passengers to return to their seats for safety
reasons. These use a color-coded system.
RED- Heavy Rain –Avoid
YELLOW- Moderate Rain- Rough Turbulence
GREEN- Light Rain- Mild Turbulence
4. Studying Cloud Formations:
 Lenticular Clouds: Lenticular clouds at the same altitude as the plane signify
coming turbulence.
 Rotor Clouds: This often signal the most intense turbulence.
 Cumulus-Type Clouds: This are typically avoided by pilots, especially with
vertical development which could lead to a thunderstorm.
 Thunderstorm Clouds: Top out at 60,000 feet compared to cruising altitude of
33,000 to 42,000 ft.
THANK YOU

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