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Photoperiodism Powerpoint Edu

Photoperiodism refers to plants' response to changes in day length that enables them to adapt to seasonal changes. The best studied example is flowering in plants. Some plants, like chrysanthemums and rice, flower when day length drops below a critical threshold, and are called short-day plants. Other plants, like asters and hibiscus, flower only when day length exceeds their critical threshold, and are called long-day plants. The mechanism involves the production of a flowering stimulus in leaves that moves to the stem apex under certain photoperiods, regulated by genes like CONSTANS and FLOWERING LOCUS T.

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2K views12 pages

Photoperiodism Powerpoint Edu

Photoperiodism refers to plants' response to changes in day length that enables them to adapt to seasonal changes. The best studied example is flowering in plants. Some plants, like chrysanthemums and rice, flower when day length drops below a critical threshold, and are called short-day plants. Other plants, like asters and hibiscus, flower only when day length exceeds their critical threshold, and are called long-day plants. The mechanism involves the production of a flowering stimulus in leaves that moves to the stem apex under certain photoperiods, regulated by genes like CONSTANS and FLOWERING LOCUS T.

Uploaded by

Alabi FauziatBulala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHOTOPERIODISM

INTRODUCTION
THE WAYS IN WHICH PLANTS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN DAY LENGTH
(PHOTOPERIOD) WERE FIRST DESCRIBED THROUGH EXPERIMENTS
PERFORMED IN 1920. NUMEROUS STUDIES SUBSEQUENTLY AIMED AT
UNDERSTANDING THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, BUT IT TOOK DECADES
FOR THE CONCEPT NOW BEST SUPPORTED BY MOLECULAR RESEARCH TO BE
PROPOSED. THIS MODEL, TERMED THE EXTERNAL COINCIDENCE MODEL
BECAUSE IT DESCRIBES THE COINCIDENCE OF A FLUCTUATING INTERNAL
SIGNAL WITH A PERIODIC EXTERNAL SIGNAL, IS A SIMPLE CONCEPT.
DEFINITION
PHOTOPERIODISM IS THE RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO
CHANGES IN DAYLENGTH THAT ENABLES THEM TO ADAPT
TO SEASONAL CHANGES IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT. THE
BEST STUDIED EXAMPLE OF PHOTOPERIODISM IN PLANTS
IS FLOWERING PLANTS.
THIS COULD ALSO BE DEFINED AS THE PROCESS BY
WHICH PLANTS USE THE LENGTH OF LIGHT AND
DARKNESS TO REGULATE FLOWER (B. THOMAS 2017).
BASIC CATEGORIES OF PLANTS IN
PHOTOPERIODISM
SHORT-DAY PLANTS LONG-DAY PLANTS
 THESE ARE THE CATEGORIES OF PLANTS THESE ARE THE CATEGORIES OF
WHICH BLOOM WHEN THE LENGTH OF PLANTS WHICH FLOWER ONLY WHEN
DAYLIGHT (THE PHOTOPERIOD) DROPS
AMOUNT OF DAYLIGHT LASTS
BELOW A PARTICULAR CRITICAL
LONGER THAN THEIR CRITICAL
THRESHOLD, TYPICALLY IN LATE
SUMMER OR AUTUMN, AFTER THE THRESHOLD, TYPICALLY IN SPRING
EQUINOX. EXAMPLES OF SHORT DAY OR EARLY SUMMER, BEFORE THE
PLANTS INCLUDE: CHRYSANTHEMUM, EQUINOX. EXAMPLES OF THESE
RICE, SOYBEAN, ONION, VIOLET, PLANTS INCLUDE: ASTER, HIBISCUS,
CHRISTMAS CACTUS, AND POINSETTIA. CONEFLOWER, LETTUCE, SPINACH,
RADISH, SUGAR BEET, AND POTATO.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SHORT-DAY PLANTS AND
LONG-DAY PLANTS
PHOTOPERIODIC INDUCTION

THIS INVOLVES THE PRODUCTION OF A FLOWERING STIMULUS IN THE


LEAVES AND ITS TRANSLOCATION TO THE STEM APEX UNDER CERTAIN
DAYLENGTHS. COOL-SEASON GRASSES ARE TYPICALLY LONG-DAY PLANTS
IN THAT FLOWERING ONLY OCCURS AFTER EXPOSURE TO DAYLENGTHS
GREATER THAN A CRITICAL NUMBER OF HOURS. WARM-SEASON GRASSES
ARE PREDOMINANTLY SHORT-DAY PLANTS; FLOWER INDUCTION OCCURS
UNDER DAYLENGTHS SHORTER THAN A CRITICAL NUMBER OF HOURS.
SOME WARM-SEASON GRASSES ARE DAY-NEUTRAL PLANTS THAT FLOWER
AT ANY NATURALLY OCCURRING DAYLENGTH IF OTHER REQUIREMENTS
ARE SATISFIED.
MECHANISM OF PHOTOPERIODISM
PHOTOPERIODIC FLOWERING MECHANISM IN ARABIDOSIS.

IN MANY PLANT SPECIES, THE TIMING OF FLOWERING DEPENDS


LARGELY ON SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE
FLOWERING LOCUST (FT) GENE, WHICH ENCODES A SYSTEMIC
SIGNALING MOLECULE THAT IS A KEY COMPONENT OF THE
LONG-SOUGHT FLORIGEN AS IT IS SYNTHESIZED IN THE LEAVES,
BUT MOVES TO THE SHOOT APEX TO INDUCE FLOWERING. THE
PHOTOPERIODIC FLOWERING MECHANISM INDUCED
BY FT EXPRESSION IS MOST WELL CHARACTERIZED IN THE
LONG-DAY PLANT ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA.
MECHANISM OF PHOTOPERIODISM CON’T
IN ARABIDOPSIS, LONG-DAY CONDITIONS INDUCE HIGH LEVELS
OF FT EXPRESSION THAT CONSEQUENTLY ACCELERATE FLOWERING,
WHEREAS SHORT-DAY CONDITIONS LEAD TO VERY LOW LEVELS
OF FT EXPRESSION. THE DAY-LENGTH-DEPENDENT INDUCTION
OF FT IS GOVERNED MAINLY BY THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATOR
CONSTANS (CO). CONSISTENT WITH THE EXTERNAL COINCIDENCE
MODEL, ACCUMULATION OF CO TRANSCRIPTS OCCURS FROM THE
AFTERNOON TO NIGHT BY THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK, THEREBY
COINCIDING WITH LIGHT PRIMARILY IN THE SUMMER, WHEN THE CO
PROTEIN IS STABILIZED AND FT EXPRESSION OCCURS.
IF YOU WONDER THAT SUNLIGHT IS THE ONLY FACTOR INDUCING FLOWER
GROWTH, THEN THE ANSWER IS NO. SUNLIGHT ALONE CANNOT CAUSE
FLOWERING IN A PLANT, AND A PLANT MUST CONTAIN CERTAIN CHEMICALS
THAT CAN RESPOND TO THE ACTION OF THE LIGHT STIMULUS.
IN THE YEAR 1935, A SCIENTIST NAMED CAJLACHJAN INTRODUCED ONE
HYPOTHETICAL HORMONE CALLED “FLORIGEN”, WHOSE EXISTENCE AND
ORIGINATION IS STILL UNCLEAR.
FLORIGEN IS A PHYTOHORMONE SUPPOSED TO INDUCE FLOWERING IN PLANTS
IN RESPONSE TO THE CHANGES IN PHOTOPERIOD LENGTH. DEPENDING UPON
THE LENGTH OF PHOTOPERIOD, PLANTS INCITE FLOWERING IN DIFFERENT
WAYS
THE IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOPERIODISM IN PLANTS

THE KNOWLEDGE OF PHOTOPERIODIC EFFECTS HELPS TO OBTAIN


HIGHER YIELDS OF TUBERS, RHIZOMES, ETC.
IT HELPS A PLANT TO FLOWER THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE YEAR BY
GIVING SUITABLE PHOTOPERIOD. IT HAS HELPED THE PLANT
BREEDERS IN EFFECTING CROSSBREEDING IN PLANTS WHICH
USUALLY DEVELOP FLOWERS IN DIFFERENT SEASONS.
IT HELPS A PLANT TO PRODUCE FLOWERS IN DIFFERENT SEASONS.
IT IS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE TO THE COMMERCIAL FLOWER
GROWERS IN HYBRIDISATION (CROSS-BREEDING DIFFERENT
SPECIES) EXPERIMENTS.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING

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