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Coenzymes and Vitamins: By: Jerome S. Montano, RMT

This document discusses coenzymes and vitamins. It begins by defining cofactors and coenzymes as molecules that help enzymes function, and vitamins as essential compounds that must be obtained through diet as they cannot be synthesized. It then discusses the structures of important coenzymes derived from B vitamins and their roles. Finally, it covers the major water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, listing their sources, functions, deficiency symptoms, and key structural aspects.

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226 views30 pages

Coenzymes and Vitamins: By: Jerome S. Montano, RMT

This document discusses coenzymes and vitamins. It begins by defining cofactors and coenzymes as molecules that help enzymes function, and vitamins as essential compounds that must be obtained through diet as they cannot be synthesized. It then discusses the structures of important coenzymes derived from B vitamins and their roles. Finally, it covers the major water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, listing their sources, functions, deficiency symptoms, and key structural aspects.

Uploaded by

Ahu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 30

COENZYMES AND

VITAMINS

BY: JEROME S. MONTANO, RMT


TOPICS

1. COFACTORS AND COENZYMES


2. STRUCTURES OF COENZYMES
3. WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
4. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
COFACTORS AND COENZYMES

COFACTOR- are required by enzymes in carrying out


their functions. They help bind the substrate to the active
site by attaching themselves to the active site and then
leaving when the reaction is completed. They are
permanently bound to a protein called prosthetic group

COENZYME- are small heat-stable organic molecules


which can readily dissociate off an enzyme protein and be
dialyzed away, mostly from vitamins
COFACTORS AND COENZYMES

ACTIVATORS- are metal ions that forms


coordination complexes between enzyme and substrate,
activating the latter by promoting electron shifts

VITAMINS- are organic compounds that cannot be


synthesized by an organism, but are essential for the
maintenance of normal metabolism. They serve as materials
for the synthesis of coenzymes, hence co-enzymes are
considered active forms of vitamins.
STRUCTURES OF COENZYMES

1. NICOTINIC ACID (NIACIN) AND NICOTINAMIDE (NIACINAMIDE)


- forms of Vitamin B3
- forms of vitamin Nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes.
- Co-enzyme I as either diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN+)
or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+).
- Co-enzyme II is named either triphosphopyridine nucteotide (TPN+) or
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH+). Both consist the
nucleotide AMP and a pseudo nucleotide

Deficiency: Pellagra in man (dermatitis especially in exposed skin


areas, a sore dark tongue, inability to assimilate and digest food, and intestinal
hemorrhage)
Enzyme actions: Oxidoreductase
STRUCTURES OF COENZYMES

1. NICOTINIC ACID (NIACIN) AND NICOTINAMIDE (NIACINAMIDE)

Structures of NAD+ and NADPH+


STRUCTURES OF COENZYMES

2. RIBOFLAVIN
- Vitamin B2
- consists of the sugar alcohol D-sorbitol attached to 7,8-dimethyl
isoalloxazine. The co-enzymes are flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin
adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Deficiency: dark red tongue, dermatitis, cheilosis similar to niacin deficiency.


STRUCTURES OF COENZYMES

2. RIBOFLAVIN

Structure of FAD
STRUCTURES OF COENZYMES

3. LIPOIC ACID
- exist in both oxidized and reduced forms due to the ability of the disulfate
linkage to undergo reduction. It functions as cofactor in multienzyme complexes
like pyruvic dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase.

4. BIOTIN
- associated with carboxylation reactions.
- The mechanism of catalysis takes place in 2 steps:

1. The carboxylation of a biotinyl carboxyl carrier protein


2. Transfer to an acceptor by a transcarboxylase
STRUCTURES OF COENZYMES

5. THIAMINE
- Vitamin B1
- occurs primarily as co-enzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) or
cocarboxylase

Deficiency: Beri-beri (muscular weakness, loss of weight, neuritis, and


involvement of CNS). Beri-beri leads to edema, and impaired cardiac
functions

6. VITAMIN B6
- group composed of pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine. Action
takes place on transaminases, decarboxylases, and racemization

Deficiency: severe dermatitis, and severe deficiency causes convulsion similar to


epilepsy
STRUCTURES OF COENZYMES

7. FOLIC ACID
- reduced form is the actual co-enzyme. Reduced to dihydrofolic acid (DHF)
which can further reduced to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), a carrier for one-
carbon unit at the oxidation level of formate or formaldehyde (used in
biosynthesis of pyramidines, purines, serine, and glycine).

Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia

8. VITAMIN B12
- also known as cyanocobalamin
- occur in coenzyme called coenzymeB12 where the position occupied by –
CN group is bonded directly to the 5’ carbon of the ribose of adenine.
STRUCTURES OF COENZYMES

8. VITAMIN B12

Deficiency: Pernicious anemia


WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

1. THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1)


- Sources: Liver, meat, milk, vegetables, whole grain, nuts
- Deficiency: Weight loss, muscle wasting disease, sensory changes,
mental confusion, cardiomegaly, constipation
- Structure:
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

2. RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2)


- Sources: Liver, wheat germ, eggs, milk, green leafy vegetables,
meat.
- Deficiency: Magenta-colored tongue, fissuring at the corners of
mouth and lips, dermatitis, behavioral changes.
- Structure:

-
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

3. NIACIN/ NICOTINIC ACID (VITAMIN B3)


- Sources: Meat, liver, cereals, legumes
- Deficiency: dermatitis when exposed to sunlight, weakness,
insomnia, impaired digestion, diarrhea, dementia, irritability,
memory loss, headaches
- Structure:

-
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

4. PYRIDOXINE/ PYRIDOXOL (VITAMIN B6)


- Sources: Egg yolk, fish, meat, lentils, nuts, fruit, vegetables
- Deficiency: in infants: convulsion, dermatitis, weght loss, apathy,
irritability, weakness
- Structure:
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

5. PANTOTHENIC ACID (VITAMIN B5)


- Sources: Eggs, peanuts, liver, meat, milk, cereals, vegetables
- Deficiency: vomiting, malaise, abdominal distress, cramps, fatigue,
insomnia
- Structure:

H3C OH
l l
HOCH2-CH2-C-CH-C-NH-CH2-CH2COOH
l ll
H3C O
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

6. BIOTIN (VITAMIN B7)


- Sources: Liver, yeast, meat, peanuts, eggs, chocolate, dairy
products, grains, fruits, vegetables
- Deficiency: Dermatitis, skin dryness, depression, muscle pain,
nausea, anorexia (appetite loss)
- Structure:
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

7. FOLIC ACID (VITAMIN B9)


- Sources: Yeast, liver, green vegetables, some fruits
- Deficiency: possibly hostility and paranoid behavior, anemia
leading to weakness, tiredness, sore tongue, irritability, headache,
heart, palpitations, megaloblastic anemia.
- Structure:
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

8. ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C)


- Sources: Vegetables and citrus fruit
- Deficiency: Scurvy, sore gums, loose teeth, joint pain, edema,
anemia, fatigue, depression, impaired iron absorption, impaired
wound healing.
- Structure:
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

9. COBALAMIN/ CYANOCOBALAMIN (VITAMIN B12)


- Sources: Meat, shellfish, fish, milk, eggs
- Deficiency: Neurological disorders, pernicious anemia, sore tongue,
constipation, headache, heart palpitations.
-Structure:
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

1. VITAMIN A
- also known as retinols

1.A. 3,4-DEHYDRORETINAL (VITAMIN A2)


-Source: Freshwater fish, liver, butter, fish liver oil
- Roles: Vision maintenance, Immune functions, Body growth, Hair growth

-Deficiency: Dry eyes, Blindness, Hair loss, hyperkeratosis, poor immune


functions
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

2. VITAMIN D
-sunshine vitamin
-beneficial in bone health

2.1 ERGOCARCIFEROL (VITAMIN D2)


-Sources: mushrooms and some plants
2.2 CHLOROCARCIFEROL (VITAMIN D3)
-Sources: animal sourced foods such as eggs, fish oil,
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

2. VITAMIN D
-Roles of Vitamin D:
1. Bone maintenance
2. Immune system regulations

- Deficiency: soft bones. Weak muscles, increased risk in bone


fracture (osteomalacia in Adults; Rickets in children), poor immune
functions, hair loss, impaired wound healing, elevated heart
attack
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

3. VITAMIN E
- protects the cells against premature aging and damage by free radicals

2 Groups of Vitamin E
4. TOCOPHEROL- composed of: Alpha tocopherol, beta tocopherol and
delta tocopherol
5. TOCOTRIENOL- composed of: Alpha tocotrienol, beta tocotrienol, gama
tocotrienol and delta tocotrienol
* Alpha tocopherol is the most common form of Vitamin E
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

3. VITAMIN E
- Roles of Vitamin E
1. antioxidant
2. blood thinner
- Sources: Vegetable oils, seeds and nuts
-Deficiency: impair absorption of Vitamin E such as in cystic fibrosis
and liver diseases, severe long term deficiency may lead to anemia,
heart disease, neurological disorder
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

4. VITAMIN K
-plays a role in blood clotting

Types of Vitamin K
1. PHYLLOQUINONE (VITAMIN K1)
-- main source of Vitamin K in diet
2. MENAQUINONE (VITAMIN K2)
- found in animal-sourced foods
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

4. VITAMIN K
-Roles of Vitamin K
1. blood clotting
2. supporting bone health
3. helps prevent calcification of blood vessels
- Deficiency: celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease and cystic
fibrosis
THANK YOU

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